Dumping and anti-fumpingIf a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market (normal value), it is said to be 'dumping' the product.some people think that this its unfair cimpetition while others have different opinions. But many governments take action against dumping in order to defend their domestic industries. its focus is on how governments can or cannot teact to dumping--it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the "anti-dumping agreement"如果一家公司以低于其本国市场的价格出口一种商品，即构成了“倾销”。
有的人认为倾销是一种不正当竞争，有的人对此有别的看法。
但是很多的政府都采取了一些行动来抵制倾销行为以保护本国市场。
WTO协议并没有针对反倾销的制裁措施。
它侧重于规定一国的政府是否可以或者不可以对于倾销行为采取行动,它常常被称为《反倾销协议》。
typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value” or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.典型的反倾销行动的手段从特定的产品出口国加收额外的进口关税，为了使其价格接近“正常价值”，消除行业对进口国国内产业的损害。
Generally speaking, US. EU, Australia and Canada have been main users of anti-dumping measures. The cases initiated by the four traditional members occupying more than 45% of the total amount of anti-dumping cases recorded by the WTO.一般而言一般来说，美国、欧盟，澳大利亚和加拿大一直是反倾销措施的主要支持者。
四个传统成员发起的案件占了世贸组织反倾销案件总数的百分之45之多的记录。
why are developing countries easily targeted? 为什么发展中国家容易被锁定？first, an export-oriented economy easily causes trade disputes. Because positively engaging in export is the shortcut to develop the domestic economy, many developing countries have adopted export-oriented policies. As a result, their economies are more dependent on foreign trade than developed countries, and unsurprisinglly there are lots of frictions btween deeloping countries and developed countries.首先，外向型经济容易引起贸易争端。
由于积极从事出口（正面参与出口）是促进国内经济发展（开发国内经济）的捷径，许多发展中国家采取了出口型政策。
因此，它们的经济比发达国家更依赖于对外贸易，发展中国家和发达国家难免会有许多摩擦冲突。
Second, the prices of exports from developing countries are extremely low. Because the labour is much cheaper than in developed countries, costs of products are understandably low. In addition, products from developing countries are usually not that well designed and finished, which affects prices. In contrat, the labour-intensive industries in developed countries are sunset industries. They are far less competitivve than other knowledge-based industries. Trices of their products in their domestic markets are unreasonably high. Such factors easily draw the attention of the domestic industries and authorities.第二（另外），发展中国家的出口价格非常低。
由于劳动力比发达国家更便宜，（产品成本当然低）产品成本低是可以理解的。
此外，来自发展中国家的产品往往不是精心设计也不是成品，从而会影响价格。
相反，发达国家的劳动密集型产业是夕阳产业。
他们远远没有其他知识型产业有竞争力。
产品价格在他们的国内市场上不合情理地高。
这些因素容易引起国内产业和当局（当权者、权威）的注意。
IMF(International Monetary Fund) 国际货币组织GATT(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)关贸总协定dispute settlements 解决争端多边贸易体制multi-lateral trading systemrules-based member-driven organization依据规则、成员驱动的组织bloc集团panel of experts 专家组appeal report 上诉报告commitments 承诺breach 违反，违背countervailing measures 反补贴措施eliminate trade barriers 消除贸易壁垒Q: 随着经济全球化的展开,国际经济组织的作用日益凸显。
那么如今主要的经济组织有哪些呢？能简要的介绍一下吗？除了都关注国际贸易活动这个共同点外，分别有什么侧重点呢？With the development of globalization, international economic organizations are playing a more important role. What are the major economic organizations in the world nowadays? Could you please tell me briefly about them, not only about their common characteristics in international trade practice, but also their particular features?A: 三个主要的国际经济组织是世界银行、国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织。
The three major international economic organizations are the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).世界贸易组织是于1995年从关贸总协定发展而来，它是一个在贸易规则基础上进行贸易谈判的论坛，也是一个解决国家之间贸易争端的世界性组织，其核心作用是处理成员国之间的贸易关系。
The WTO emerged out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995; it is an arrangement across countries that serves as a forum for negotiations on trading rules as well as a mechanism for dispute settlements in trade issues. Its main function is the management of trade relations between member states.相比之下，世界银行和国际货币基金组织是单独与其成员国打交道。
它们对工业化国家影响很小，但是对发展中国家出现经济危机时，或者这些国家在寻找更多的外汇资源时却有较大的影响。
By contrast, the World Bank and IMF deal with their member countries one at a time. They have little influence with industrial countries but can affect developing countries during times of economic crisis and when those countries seek additional foreign exchange resources.Q: The WTO has replaced the GATT and is much more than the GATT. Could people say in another way that the WTO is the multilateral trading system?WTO取代了GATT，比GATT覆盖的范围更广了，内容更丰富了。