■ The Bible Translator - (Journal founded and edited by Dr. Nida (retired), 1949- ) ■ Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words - (Univ. of Michigan Press, 1949) ■ Message and Mission - (Harper, 1960) ■ Customs, Culture and Christianity – (Tyndale Press, 1963) ■ Toward a Science of Translating - (Brill, 1964) ■ Religion Across Cultures - (Harper, 1968)
■ The Theory and Practice of Translation - (Brill, 1969, with C.R. Taber) ■ Language Structure and Translation: Essays - (Stanford University Press, 1975) ■ From One Language to Another – (Nelson, 1986, with Jan de Waard) ■ The Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains - (UBS, 1988, with Louw) ■ Contexts in Translating - (John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amterdam, 2002) ■ Fascinated by Languages - (John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 2003)
Nida then sets forth the differences in translation, as he would account for it, within three basic factors: (1)The nature of the message: in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority. (2) The type of audience: prospective audiences differ both in decoding ability and in potential interest.
◆ In 1993, Althea Sprague died. In 1997, married Dr. Marí Elena a Fernandez-Miranda ◆ In the early 1980s, retired, lived in Madrid, Spain and Brussels, Belgium. ◆ died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96.
语Hale Waihona Puke 学家 翻译家 翻译理论家1. His life 2. His translation theory 3. His works 4. Example
◆born in Oklahoma City, on November 11, 1914 ◆ graduated from the University of California in 1936 ◆ attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught ◆ became a founding charter member of Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the Summer Institute of Linguistics
◆ In 1937, undertook studies at the University of Southern California, where he obtained a Master’s Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. ◆ In 1939, became interim pastor of Calvary Church of Santa Ana, California ◆ In 1943, received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan ◆ was ordained as a Baptist minister ◆ 1943, married Althea Lucille Sprague
篇章对等又叫语篇对等。语篇是 一种语言使用单位。因此，我们 在进行语篇分析时不能只分析语 言本身，而要看语言是怎样在 特定的语境中体现意义和功能。 语篇对等包含三个层面： 上下文语境，情景语境 和文化语境
文化语境
I was not Pygmalion； I was Frankenstein. 此处翻译难点是Pygmalion和Frankenstein所 涉及的文化语境。Pygmalion是希腊神话中的塞浦 路斯国王。他雕了一个绝美的女像，并不由自主爱 上了她。他的爱发自内心，无比忠诚，就连爱神阿 芙罗狄特(Aphrodite)也为之动情，便赋予那女像 以生命，二人得以终成眷属。Frankenstein是英国 作家谢利(Mary W．Shelley)小说Frankenstein中 的主人公，他是个年轻的医学研究者，创造了一个 怪物却最终被其毁灭。可见，Pygmalion在此比喻 “创造美和享受美”，而Frankenstein则比喻“自作 自受， 自食其果”。
功能对等理论
Dynamic Equivalence or Functional Equivalence
所谓“功能对等”，就是说翻译时不求文字表面 的死板对应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。 在这一理论中,他指出“翻译是用最恰当、自然和 对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息”(郭建中 ,2000 , P65) 。奈达有关翻译的定义指明翻译不仅 是词汇意义上的对等还包括语义、风格和文体的 对等,翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇信息也有深层 的文化信息。“动态对等”中的对等包括四个方面: 1. 词汇对等,2. 句法对等,3. 篇章对等,4. 文体对等。 在这四个方面中,奈达认为“意义是最重要的,形式 其次”(郭建中,2000 , P67) 。形式很可能掩藏源语 的文化意义并阻碍文化交流。因此,根据奈达的理 论,译者应以动态对等的四个方面作为翻译的原则 准确地在目的语中再现源语的文化内涵。
(3) The purpose of the author and of the translator: to give information on both form and content; to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message; for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation.