福师《现代语言学》练习题Part II. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)1.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by _____.A. JacobsonB. BloomfieldC. SaussureD. Chomsky2.That it is wrong to split an infinitive is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional3.Onecriteria of distinguishing different consonants is ______.A. the height of tongue raisingB. manner of articulationC. obstruction of airflowD. total stopping of air4.Which of the following sounds is described as “voiced bilabialstop”?___________.A. [b]B. [z]C. [g]D. [l]5.Which of the following words contains NO inflectional suffix?___________.A. fastestB. darkenC. easierD. studies6.Good: Bad is an example of _____.A. gradableantonymyB. relationalantonymyC. complementary antonymyD. complete antonymy7.In the sentence “The hunter killed the lion with a gun” ,the thematic role of “agun” is ______.A. agentB. patientC. experiencerD. instrument8. In English, the part of speech of a compound word is usually determined by ___________.A. the rightmost morphemeB. the leftmost morphemeC. bound morphemeD. free morpheme9. In terms of the place of articulation, the sounds [t], [s] and [n] share the feature of ________.A. palatalB. alveolarC.bilabialD. dental10. The absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language is called _______.A. aphasiaB. lexical gapC. speech errorD. semantic fieldII. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.(10%, 1% each item)( ) 1. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Quirk et al. is a synchronic study of language.( ) 2.The word “in” is an open class word.( ) 3. Chinese is a tone language.( ) 4.The word “above” includes 2 syllables, in which the sound [b] is the coda of the first syllable.( ) 5.The semantic relationship between the two sentences “John’s son is an engineer” and “John has a son” is presupposition.( ) 6. A syllable should contain at least one vowel.( ) pared with its antonym small, the word big is a marked item.( ) 8.The sentence“I’ll be back.”i s a directive.( ) 9.The sentence “Boys are boys” violates the quantity maxim.( ) 10.Ogden and Richards proposed the semantic triangle, arguing that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, but mediated by concept. III. Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)1.__________ is the study of meaning in use or in context.2.The standardized and internationally accepted system for phonetic transcription is___________.3.In terms of semantic relationship,flower isa(n)________of lily.4.In terms of grammatical case, he is a(n) ____________ case in the sentence “Hekilled a lion.”5.The branch of phonetics that studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view islabeled _______ phonetics.6.In second language acquisition, ________ refers to errors so internalized that noamount of correction can undo.7.The hypothesis that animals, including humans, are genetically programmed toacquire certain kinds of knowledge and skill at specific times in life is called ________.8.The area of the brain that is responsible for the comprehension of words and forselection of words when producing language is ________.9.The hypothesis that claims that language shapes the way we think and determineswhat we can think about is called_______.nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a languageat some point of time is called a ________ study of language.IV. Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)1.Maximal Onset Principle2.McGurk effect3.Input Hypothesis4. AphasiaV. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%, 20% each item)1.Discuss your understanding about part of speech.2.Draw tree structures to represent the words “unlockable”, “reusable”and“unusable”, and explain their meanings.Part III. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)1. ______ is formed by a narrowing of the air passage at some point so that the air in escaping makes a kind of hissing sound.A. A plosiveB. A fricativeC.An affricateD. glide2. The vowel [i:] in [fi:d] is a ______ vowel.A. close front unroundedB. close back unroundedC. open front roundedD. close back rounded3. ______ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SematicsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Stylistics4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ______.A. performanceB. language acquisitionC. cultural transmissionD. competence5. Of all the speech organs, the _____ is / are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords6. ______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country7. ______ made the distinction between langue and parole.A. ChormskyB. SaussureC. SapirD. Hall8. Morphemes such as “-er”, “-en”, “dis-” and so forth are called ______ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. derivationalC. freeD. bound9. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. sound patternD. meaning10. ______ are written identically but sound differently.A. HomographsB. HomohphonesC. HomonymsD. SynonymsII. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.(10%, 1% each item)( )1.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.( )2.Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.( )3.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.( )4.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation.( )5.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.( )nguage is only linearly-structured.( )7.Meaning is central to the study of communication.( )8.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics.( )9.Sociolinguistics studies language in social contexts.( )10. A synchronic study of language is a historical study.III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)1. ______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.2. The consonant [f] can be described as ____________. \3. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with othermorphemes to form words are called _______ morphemes4. Two words that are “opposite” in meaning are called ______.5. _________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.6. Modern English has a much weaker case marking system. Its sentences have to follow a basicorder of ______.7. Application of the transformational rules yields ______ structure.8. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. Theword that is more general in meaning is called _______.9. while the meaning of a sentence is decontextualized, that of an _________ iscontext-dependent.10. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe iscalled the _______________ principle proposed by Grice.IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)1.consonant:2.lingua franca3.diachronic linguistics4.pidginV. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%，20% each question)1.What is the maxim of quality? Illustrate how speakers may flout this maxim to construct animplicature.2. Explain “synonymy”, “antonymy”, “polysemy,” and “hyponymy” with examples.Part IIII. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)1.The statement“Double negation is incorrect.” is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional2.The distinction between linguistic competence and performance was proposed by_____.A. JacobsonB. BloomfieldC.D. H. Hymes D. Chomsky3.Consonants and vowels are distinguished by ______.A. place of articulationB. manner of articulationC. obstruction of airflowD. total stopping of air4.Which of the following sounds is described as “voiced alveolar stop”?A. [d]B. [z]C. [g]D. [l]5.Which of the following morphemes IS a bound morpheme?A. nessB. kissC. lossD. boss6.Which of the following words contains NO inflectional suffix?A. fastestB. chaosC. easierD. studies7.Dead: alive is a pair of _____.A. gradableantonymyB. converse antonymyC. complementary antonymyD. complete antonymy8.The relationship of hyponymy is between the more general term such as color andthe more specific instances of it such as red, blue and white. The general term color is called the ________.A. hyponymB. superordinateC. co-hyponymsD. synonym9.In the sentence “The hunter killed the lion.” the semantic role of “the hunter” is______.A. agentB. patientC. experiencerD. instrument10. Halliday distinguished three social variables that determine the register. _________ is not one of them.A. field of discourseB. tenor of discourseC. mode of discourseD. rule of discourseII. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. (10%, 1% each item)( ) 1.Historical linguistics is a diachronic study of language.( ) 2.In the antonym pair old :young, old is the marked item.( ) 3.“A nk”is a morpheme, because it appears in different words, such as tank, bank, rank.( ) 4.The word “depend” includes 2 syllables, in which the sound [p] is the coda of the first syllable.( ) 5.The se mantic relationship between the two sentences “The president was assassinated” and “The president is dead” is presupposition.( ) 6.The sentence“I’ll be back.”i s a commissive.( ) 7.The word “book” is a closed-class word.( ) 8.Affixes are always bound.( ) 9.Thestructure of the word “unhelpfulness”can be analyzed as [un[[[helpful]ness]].( ) 10.Both English and Chinese are typical tone languages.III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)11.The description of English vowels needsfour variables, i.e. the height of tongueraising, the position of the highest part of the tongue, the length or tenseness of the vowel and ________.12.In IPA, there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is _______, the otheris narrow transcription.13.Those morphemes that can appear on their own are called __________.14._______ intonation signals certainty and completion of the speech.15.If A is a kind of B, then in terms of semantic relation, B is a(n) _____ of A.16.The utterance “I order you to leave the room.”performs a ________ speech act.17.The pronoun “him” performs a _____ reference in sentence “She must be furiouswith him when Mike said he was leaving her.”18.The area of brain that is responsible for organizing articulatory patterns oflanguage and controlling use of inflectional and functionmorphemes is called _______ area.19.The hypothesis that claims that language shapes the way we think and determineswhat we can think about is called_______.20.In English, all rounded vowels are _______ vowels.IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)1.illocutionary actponential analysis3.Lingua Franca4.Indirect speech actV. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%，20% each question)1.Are /lbæk/, /knæst/ and /kræst/ possible syllables in English? Why?2.Discuss your understanding about Conversational implicature.Part IVI. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)1. ______ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal2. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under friction between tongue and ______before passing through the teeth.A. hard palateB. uvulaC. alveolar ridgeD. soft palate3. ______ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics4. Modern linguistics, i.e., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly ______, that is, itdescribes and analyses language.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic5. The study of linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ______.A. phonologyB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics6. Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice7. ______ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammaticalrules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language8. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. Applied linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Comparative linguistics9. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciation10. A sound pronounced with the vocal cord vibrating is said to be a ______ sound.A. resonantB. voicelessC. voicedD. consonantII. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. (10%, 1% each item)( )1.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.( )2.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.( )nguage is entirely arbitrary.( )4.English is a typical tone language.( )pounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.( )6.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.( )7.Homophones are words which are identical in sound.( )8.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language.( )9. A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.( )10.Some languages are superior to other languages.III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)1. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as _______________ sounds.2. English has only _____________ inflectional morphemes.3. The most important ways of word formation are compounding and ______________.4. To explain the source of meaning, Ogden and Richard suggested a ___________ model to illustrate the view of meaning as concept.5. All lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal. This semantic theory is called ___________ Analysis.6. Words that sound alike but are spelled differently and often have different meanings are called _____________, such as know and no.7. _____________ is the study of language in relation to society; it studies how social factors influence the structure and use of language.8. Putonghua(普通话) is the ___________ language in China; it has the highest status in China although it has no linguistic privilege.9. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a(n) _____________.10. The scientific study of ___________ errors, called slips of the tongue, can provide useful clues to the processes of language production.IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)1.Linguistic competence:2.Psycholinguistics:3.Polysemy:4.Pragmatics:V. Questions. (40%)1. How does phonetics differ from phonology?2. What is duality? What is the relationship between two levels of language?。