6,SVA I live in Wuhan. He will be flying to Shanghai. 7,svoA He put the salt on the table. He treated her vilely
句子切分
Category II contains only four items,/ and I shall say no more about them/ except that, (since they are under consideration), we shall not let the grass grow under feet, / but attempt, (as early as possible), to arrive at a common understanding/ in the interest of humanity. 第二类只包括四个项目，\ 我不想多说，\ 除了， （因为它们都已在审议之中，）我们应该不失时机， \但是力图尽快取得共识，\ 为了人类的利益。 第二类只包括四个项目，而且都已在审议之中。为 了人类的利益，我们应该不失时机,力图尽快取得共 识。除此之外，别的我不想多说了。
例3. (1)The Prime Minister stepped off the plane. (2)Journalists immediately surrounded her. (3)She was immediately surrounded by journalists. 讲英语国家的人会选择(1)与(3)连接,因为(3) 中的She与上句的The PrimeMinister是同一 主位,在(3)中是已知的信息。如果与(2)连接, 两个句子的出发点转换就不自然,当读者头脑 里建立起Prime Minister是谈话的中心时候, 突然第二个分句的话题变成了journalists.
9）选择句（或者….或者…，不是….就是….， 要么….要么….， 是….还是….） 3. 转折类复句 10）突转句（但是， 可是，然而，只是） 11）让步句（虽然…..但是….，即使….也…， 无论….都….， 宁可…也…） 12）假转句(….否则…， ….要不然….)
英语句型结构
1, Sv Eg. Iron rusts. The guests have arrived. 2, Svo Eg. Liverpool won the game. 3,SVC Eg. She is in good health. The flowers smell fragrant. 4,SvoO间接直接 Dovid showed me the way. Mary lent me her car. 5,SVOC 主谓+宾语+宾补 The director appointed him sales manager. Wealth makes many people selfish.
例1.经过大修的十公里长的离宫墙,依山就势,蜿蜒曲 折,犹如万里长城的缩影,游客看后赞叹不已。 The mountain resort is enclosed by a recently renovated wall about 10 kilometers long, which rises and falls, twists and turns with mountain ridges like the miniature of the Great Wall. It is widely acclaimed by the tourists.(齐乃政,2003:276) 原文中的话题是整个语段“旅游避暑胜地——承德” 中的“离宫墙”,而句段最后分句的主位是“游客”, 但是这并不妨碍我们理解整个语段的话题,但是,如果 按照其次序译出来的话就不行。而译文的主位It与前 面句子主位一致。这一手段是英语写作中通常遵循 的一项篇章结构组织原则。(MicCrimmon,1976:378-380)
翻译技巧与实践
第三讲：句法与翻译
英汉句法对比
意合与形合 形合hypotaxis，指语言中的词与词，句与句的 结合主要凭借词形变化，关系词、连接词等显 性手段。 意合 parataxis，指语言中的词与词，句与句 parataxis 的结合主要依靠语义上的关系和联想达成，这 种结合在外部形态上没有明显的标志，交际双 方根据语境和语感对语句作出正确的解码。
4，译成复合结构的英语句子 冬天，在四周围都是山地的这里，看见太阳 的日子真是太少了。今天，难得雾这பைடு நூலகம்稀薄， 空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光，把地上的一 切，好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。 In winter, sunny days were scarce here, as it was surrounded by hills all around. Today, however, the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden sunlight that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.
拟人法（英语中，视为修辞上的一种毛病）
我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 Our cause has won victory one after another. .(X) We have won one victory after another for our cause 汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。 Chinese characters have made indelible contributions in history. .(X) The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluabe role in our history 宗教不得干预政治。 Religion must not interfere with politics. .(X) It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.
意合与形合在汉英翻译中的操作 1译成带从句的英语句子 她们妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见了。 I chanced to be present when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel. 2，译成带介词短语的英语句子 好不容易才说服她，照我的想法办. With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking. 3，译成带分词或不定式的英语句子 只见那个理发师俯下身，听那小姑娘说，她要什么发式。 Leaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.
英汉句子结构
1，因果类复句 ， 1）因果句（因为…所以…，越…越…，） 2）推断句（既然…那么、就…，可见….，与其…不如….） 3）假设句（如果…那么，就…， 要不是…就…，如果说… 那么….） 4 4）条件句（只有…才…， 只要…就…，除非…才…） … … … … … … 5）目的句（…以便…， ….以免….） 2，并列类复句 ， 6）并列句（既…也…，又…又….，一边….一边….，一方 面…另一方面…，不是….而是…） 7）连贯句（….接着….，….然后….） 8）递进句（不但….而且…， 不仅…就连…，不但….反 而….， 固然….更…..）
话题结构与主谓结构
主语本质上是语法化了的话题 相比之下，在语法方面，英语选择了主语，汉语选了话题， 以及“把”字结构和“被”字结构。 “典型的主语既是主题也是施事。”(Comrie 1981) 英语是主谓结构(subject-predicate structure)的语言。中国语 言学家赵元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“汉语句子中主语和谓语的 语法意义是主题(topic)和述题(comment),而不是动作者(actor) 和动作(action)。”Li和Thompson (1975)在其Subject and Topic一书中提出:“语言有四种基本类型:1)注重主语(Subjectprominent)的语言;2)注重主题(Topic-prominent)的语言;3)主 语和主题都注重的语言;4)主语与主题都不注重的语言。”他 提出英语属于注重主语(简称SP)的语言,而汉语则属于注重主 题(简称TP)的语言。话题(topic),又称主题。
中国社会主义建设的航船将乘风破浪地驶向现代化 的光辉彼岸。 The ship of China’s socialist construction will brave the wind and waves and sail to the glorious destination of modernization.(X) China will stride forward in building socialism, like a ship braving the wind and the waves, towards the glorious destination of modernization. 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 At the turn of the century, China’s diplomacy is more active. .(X) The turn of the cntury finds Cina most active on the diplomatic area.
①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优 异，④而语文程度不足以表达，⑤甚至写一封信亦 难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。 （梁实秋《学问与趣味》） ① I have come across a great many young friends,②bright and diligent, ③do exceedingly well in studies, ④but they are rather weak in Chinese, ⑤even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. ⑥When asked why, they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese. I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have sone exceedingly well in heir studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in corret Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.