句子成分及基本句型※什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !【句子成分】定义：句子的组成部分叫做句子的成分。
分类：主要包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、同位语、状语等。
１．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．The girl is pretty.They are good friends.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.2.谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.3.表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．I am a teacher.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.4.宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.She plays the piano.He often helps me.5.宾语补足语※在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．※它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．If you let me go, I’ll make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.6.状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．He did it carefully.Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.7.定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．The black bike is mine.What’s your name?A broken vase.I have 5 books.A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.I have something to do.It is a swimming pool.【常见句型结构】※基本句型一：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.2. The dinner │smells │good.系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。
一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。
第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be，look，feel，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，turn out（结果是、证明是）等。
You’ll be all right soon.You don’t look very well.I feel rather cold.He seems to be ill.It appears that he is unhappy.The roses smell sweet.The mixture tasted horrible.How sweet the music sounds!The day turned out (to be) a fine one.第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。
He became a world-famous scientist.It is getting warmer and warmer.It grew dark.The food has turned bad.Yesterday he suddenly fell ill.Mary’s face went red.His dream has come true.The boy’s blood ran cold.第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep，remain，continue，stay等。
Keep quiet, children!The weather continued fine for a long time.It remains to be proved.系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。
The news was surprising.（分词）His job is teaching English.（动名词）The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式）I must be off now.（副词）The bridge is under construction.（介词短语）That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组）This is why he was late.（从句）所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。
Our future will be beautiful.She looks unhappy today.Do you feel cold？You seem/appear ill.The food tastes delicious.The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold.He often went hungry.3.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear，seem，get，prove，remain，turn out等。
She appears/ seems to be very young.He appears/ seems to have caught cold.They got to be friends。
The meeting turned out to be successful.The theory proved to be right.Much remains to be done.4. 能接从句的有：be，seem，appear，sound，look等。
T hat’s why he fell ill.My idea is that we should help him.It seems/ appears to me that something is wrong.It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.5. 能接介词短语的有：be，feel，look，sound，taste，remain等。
be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。
He is at home/ in the library/ on the way home/ on holiday.They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave.The road is under repair.其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。
如：It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain.It sounds like a train going under my room.It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。
）The concert remains in my memory.6. 能接分词的系动词有：be，become，get，grow，seem，appear等。
His report was surprising/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ astonishing…The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonished。
He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics。
He seems/ appears drunk。
系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。
其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。
【高考考神马】一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点所在。
高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，重点考查的是get ，其次是feel 和remain ，考查的难度在逐年增大。
二. 对表示状态变化的系动词的考查英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有get ，turn ，turn out （结果是……），go ，come （成为），fall ，become 等。
1. 对get 的考查get 表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成”，它后面可以接形容词、v-ing 形式、过去分词等。