ⅠDefinitionA卷①Phonetics 语言学(P17)Phonetics is the field of language study concerning the physical properties of sounds and speech sounds.②Minimal pairs 最小辨立对(P42)They are made up of similar sound sequence except for the difference of one sound in the corresponding position.③Open-class 开放类词(P66)They are indefinitely extendable. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class words.④Invariable words 可变化词(P67)Invariable words refer to those words such as conjunctions, prepositions, interjections, etc. . T hey do not have inflective endings.⑤Morpheme 语素(P68)In linguistics, the minimal unit of meaning is called morpheme.⑥Compounds 复合词(P69)Compounds consist wholly of free morphemes.⑦Derivation 派生(P72)Derivation is the process in which new words are created from already existing words through affixation.⑧Pragmatics 语用学(P150)Pragmatics is a study of the intended meaning of speakers in a particular context.⑨Blending 缩合(P187)Blending here means to form a new word by joining the initial part of a word and the initial or final part of another word together.⑩Dissimilation 异化(P189)This occurs when one of two similar or identical sounds in a word change in such a way that it becomes less similar to the other.B卷①Articulatory phonetics 发声语音学(P18)It studies the sound units from the angle of how each sound segment is articulated.②Diphthongs (P)There are vowels which may be described as a sequence of two sounds, or the glide from one vowel position to another.③Minimal pairs最小辨立对(P42)They are made up of similar sound sequence except for the difference of one sound in the corresponding position.④Closed-class 封闭类词(P66)Words in this class cannot normally be extended by the reation of additional members.⑤Stem 词干(P70)A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectionalaffix can be added.⑥Conversion 转化(P75)Conversion is actually the derivational process whereby a word is adapted or converted to a new word-class without the addition of an affix.⑦Text 语篇(P112)A text is a chunk of language spoken or written for communication in actual circumstances.⑧Theme 主位(P113)Theme is the point of departure in a sentence. The rest of the clause is called the Rheme（述位）.⑨Assimilation 同化(P189)Assimilation is a sound becomes more similar to its adjacent sound.⑩Idiolect 个人方言(P202)Idiolect refers to the characteristics of an individual’s speech.ⅡWrite the sources of the following Latin abbreviation and translate them into Chinese P85cf. ：confer 参看etc.：et cetera 等等et al.：et alii 以及其他等等vs. ：versus 对 e.g.：exemmpli gratia 例如id.：idem 同上a.m.：ante meridiem 午前p.m.：post meridiem 午后l.c.：loco citato 在上述引文中sec.：secundum 根据ⅢDisambiguate the following sentences by providing two unambiguous interpretations.P110 P157⑪We have greater interest in our environment than the younger generation.①We have greater interest in our environment than the younger generation do.②We have greater interest in our environment than in the younger generation.⑫There were more wealthy farmers than you young industrialists.①There were farmers more wealthy than you young industrialists.②There were more wealthy farmers than there were you young industrialists.⑬They need more highly trained teachers.①They need teachers who are more highly trained.②They need more teachers who are highly trained.⑭The long drill was boring.①The long drill was making a hole.②The drill that lasted for a long time was boring.⑮It takes a good ruler to make a straight line.①Only a good leader can make a proper policy.②Only with a good rule can we draw a straight line.⑯The Congressman is a dirty street fighter.①The Congressman is fighting to make the streets cleaner.②The Congressman is like a dishonest guy who fights in the street.⑰The piglet is too hot to eat.①The piglet is so hot that it is unable to eat anything.②The piglet is served so hot that we cannot eat it.⑱Old men and women will be served first.①Old men will be served first and so will be women.②Old men and old women will be served first.⑲They are moving machines.①The workers are moving machines.②These are the machines that can move.⑳John loves Bill more than Emma.①John loves Bill more than Emma does.②John loves Bill more than he loves Emma.⑴They laughed at the colorful ball.①They laughed in the colorful dancing party.②They showed open scorn for the colorful ball.⑵He said he would file it on Monday.①He said he would file the document on Monday.②He said he would smooth it with a file on Monday.ⅣSemantic triangle(语义三角)P135Reference (e.g. thought, concept, mental image)指称意义（即，想法、概念和大脑中的意象）指代代表Symbol (e.g. word) referent (e.g. object in the word) 符号（即，词）stands for 指称物（即，世界上的事物）代表In the triangle, we have three components: ①the symbol as the word, the referent as the object in the world and the reference as the thought or concept or mental image.②What is symbolized by the word is not the object in the real world but the concepts and mental images the speaker have at the moment of utterance or can recall from memory. ③The dotted line at the bottom of the triangle indicates that there is no one-to one relationship between word and referent.。