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初中英语名词讲解


“某国人”的复数有三种类型: 1. Chinese、Japanese 的单复数同型,不需要 加“s”; 2. Englishmen、Frenchman ,复数要把 “man”变为“men”; 3. 其他各国人以an、ian 结尾的均直接加“s”: 如Americans、Australians 、Indians
注意:
1、一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成 词,在构成复数时与 man, woman 的 变化形式相同,如: policeman / policemen(警察), Englishman / Englishmen (英国人), Frenchman/ Frenchmen(法国人)
注意:
与man、woman两个词组成的复合词,名词 本身和这个词都要变成复数。
正误辨析 (5)
• This is a Mary's dictionary. • [正]This is Mary's dictionary. • [析]如名词前有指示代词this, that, these (这些)those (那些),及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有 格时,则不要再加冠词(the,a,an)。
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3) 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况: 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies; 如: city-cities,baby-babies,factory----factories,country—countries, family—families But,以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加词尾-s: 如:toy / toys, holiday / holidays boy— boys,day—days等。 (4) )以f或fe结尾的名词,多数变f或fe为v加es: 如: wife-wives, knife-knives(小刀), Leaf-leaves(树叶);life-lives(生命), scarf-scarves(围巾)
练习:
写出下列单词的单数或复数形式 friend s
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photo s radios roofs leaf /leaves cat s bus es keys toys box es trees potatoes holidays tomato es questions city /cities baby /babies zoo s
•We need morepotatoes (potato), can you go and take some , please ? •(Knife)Knives are used for cutting things. •When we saw his face, we knew the news (news) was bad. •Please remember give the horse some tree leaves (leaf).
正误辨析 (8)
• Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. [正]Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. • Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us. [正]Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us. • I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me. [正]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me. • [析]集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数, 如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名 词有:family class, team 等。
Practice:
•There are many buses(bus) and cars (car) on the street. •.I have twowatches (watch), so I give watch a (watch) to my sister. •Yesterday I went to the supermarket and bought some dishes(dish)
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重点
记住以下10个要把f或者fe改成v 加es的单词: wife(妻子),life(生命),knife(小刀), leaf(树叶),thief(贼),half(一半), self(自己),shelf(架子),loaf(面包), wolf(狼)。
但roof-roofs(屋顶)是例外!!
正误辨析 (6)
• There are much people in the garden. • [正]There are many people in the garden. • [析]可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰, 而people 是可数名词,而且是复数名词,如:The people are planting trees here.
正误辨析 (4)
• May I borrow two radioes? • [正]May I borrow two radios? • [析]以o 结尾的名词大都是用加es 来表示其复数形式, 但如果o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s 就可以 了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.
正误辨析 (1)
• Please give me a paper. • [正]Please give me a piece of paper. • [析]不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这 种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中 文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样 的错误,因paper 在英语中是属于物质名词一类, 是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要 用与之相关的量词来表达,如:two pieces of paper.
专有名词:
指表示人、地方、机构、组织等 的专有名称。
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具体说来,它包括人名、国家、地名、 月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某 些抽象名词等。
Jim 吉姆 China 中国 July 七月 Friday 星期五 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 记》 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生 the Yellow River 黄河 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城
注意:German是Germans!!!
名词复数的不规则变化
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有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定 的规则,需特别记忆:
man / men 男人 woman / women 女人 child / children 小孩 tooth / teeth 牙齿 foot / feet 脚 goose / geese 鹅 mouse / mice 老鼠概念: 是表示人、事物、抽象 概念等名称的词。根据其词 汇意义,名词可分为 专有名词和普通名词。
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普通名词:
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指表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。
• 例如: • 表示东西、事物的。 如book、computer、tree、 chopsticks(筷子)…
注意:
• 单数形式但其意为复数的名词 有:people,police,population等。 • 表示有生命的名词的所有格(可以理解为。。。 的)其单数形式是加's 其复数形式是s',如其结尾 不是s 的复数形式仍加's,如:a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、 距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's,如: a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格 则必须用of 结构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
正误辨析 (2)
• Please give me two letter papers. • [正]Please give me two pieces of letter paper. • [析]paper 作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考 卷、文章讲时则是可数名词,如:Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.
正误辨析 (3)
• • • • • My glasses is broken. [正]My glasses are broken. I want to buy two shoes. [正]I want to buy two pairs of shoes. [析]英语中glasses—眼镜,shoes—鞋,trousers—裤 子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表 示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses 而这时的谓语动词应与 量词相一致。如:This pair of glasses is very good.
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(5) 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词,加词尾es;
如tomato- tomatoes; potatopotatoes,hero(英雄)-heroes But, 以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词,加词尾 s;如radio—radios(收音机); piano-pianos 但注意photo—photos(相片)
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