Part ThreeThe Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1The English Revolution and the Restora tion1. The Weakening of the Tie between Monarchy and BourgeoisieThe T udor Dynasty: harmony (interests in commo n →collaboration)The end of Elizabe th’s reign: conflict (quarrels)2. The clashes between the King and ParliamentMonopolies on merchandiesCharles I dissolved it in 1629.3. The Outburst of the English Revolution(1) broke out in 1642 and lasted till 1649.(2) T wo camps:The royalists: conservative gentry, big landlords, monopolistsThe opposition leaders in Parliament: the merchants, artisans and apprentices, the peasants (Oliver Cromwell) (3) Result:Monarchy was abolished.England was declared a commonwealth (a republic)4. The Split within the Revolutionary CampThe middle bourgeoisie (Independents)The big bourgeoisie (Presbyterians)The petty bourgeoisie“The Movement of the Diggers” (掘地运动)1.The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration(1)The big bourgeoisie made a compromise with the feudal remnants.(2)After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660.→the RestorationPeriod(3)The Bourgeoisie invited William to be King of England in 1688.→the “Glorious Revolution” (bloodless, norevival of the revolutionary demands)(4)The state structure of England was settled→Capitalism could develop freely.2.The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution(1)the English Revolution≈the Puritan Revolution(2)Puritanism:①②③④Puritan literature is different from the literature of Elizabethan Period（1558-1625）in the following three aspects：1) Elizabethan literature had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism and devotion to the Queen, but in the Revolution Period，all this was changed, the king became the open enemy of the people, and the country was divided by the struggle for political and religious liberty. So literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties. 2) Elizabethan literature was generally inspiring. It throbbed with youth and hope and vitality．Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.3) Elizabethan literature was intensely romantic．The romantic spirit sprang from the heart of youth．People believed all things, even the impossible．But in literature of the Puritan period, we cannot find any romantic ardor.3.Literature of the Revolution Period(1)concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time(2)Major Writers: John Milton, John BunyanChapter 2John Milton1. Life: 1608-1674(1) strongly condemned the subjects and methods of study at college(2) defined the true aim of knowledge as making the spirit of man(3) his personal beauty, strictness of life, nicknamed “the lady of Christ’s”2. Early PoemsOn t he Morning of Christ’s Nativity（his first important work）L’Allegro《欢乐颂》II Penseroso《沉思颂》ComusLycidas3. Major Works(1) Paradise Lost(2) Paradise Regained(3)Samson Agonistes4. Brief Summary(1) a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century (influence on later E. poetry)(2) wrote the greatest epic in E. L., (a grand style)(3) a master of the blank verse (in non-dramatic works); rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous(4) a great stylist; poetry noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.(5) style with frequent inversions and complicated sentence structure;lines are long and rich in the variations of rhythm and pause.Chapter 3John Bunyan1. Life: 1628-1688(1) son of a poor tinker, never drunk(2) a man of singular innocence, sensitive imagination(3) religious fervour→terrible day-dreams(4) enlisted in the Parliamentary army(5) against social abuses and the oppressors of the poor(6) was put into the prison (12 years), making shoes, characteristic diligence2. The Pilgrim’s Progress(1) a religious allegory, telling of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian(2) characters, real places, conversations (language)(3) remarkable passages: Vanity Fair, the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful(4) a deep hatred of both the king and his government(5) his prose is admirable: It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the languageof the English Bible.Chapter 4Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets1.Metaphysical Poets“Metaphysicals” (by Samuel Johnson, 18th C. writer): a school of poet in 17th C., mysticism in content, fantasticality in form)（1）John Donne (1572-1631):Status: the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetryTheme: secret love-making, elopement, imprisonment, lawsuit of marriageWorks: Songs and Sonnets (youthful love lyrics)Holy Sonnets (rich in religious thought)Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (sacred verse) 《突变引起的诚念》Features: a. extravagance, preposterous dimensionsb. sensuality blended with philosophy, passion with intellect, and contraries are ever moving one intothe other.c. seeking complex rhythms and strange images→“conceit” (奇思妙喻)※ A comparison between two unlike objects (“outrageous metaphor”)※Usually developed at length, comparing and contrasting two different aspects of the two objects to make their meaning clear.所谓奇思妙喻，指的是一种悖论性的隐喻，通过喻体和喻指之间的非相似性给读者的心灵带来震撼。