Transfer
Overgeneralisation Redundancy reduction
Transfer and overgeneralization are expressions of the same underlying strategy of using previous knowledge to understand new experience.
Functions: Through overgenralisation and transfer, the confusing variety of linguistic data is made more manageable, by fitting it into a framework of categories and rules that the learning already possesses. Features: Simple to manage and more productive.
Three processes work together and reinforce each other
Redundancy reduction can coincide(相符)with transfer and overgeneralisation
The differences among three learning processes:
② Redundancy Reduction Introduction: This is the kind of simplification which we saw in children’s telegraphic speech. The omission of inflections and other morphemes seems to be due more to limitations in capacity than to the construction of rules. It is sometimes called ‘redundancy reduction’. It eliminates many items which are redundancy to conveying the intended message. Examples: Daddy want chair.(The omission of the verb inflection and article doesn’t prevent the meaning from being understood.) Party hat.(A party hat) Cup glass(Cup and glass) Feature: Less productive Tips: Dedundancy reduction makes production easier but may, of course, make comprehension difficult or even impossible.
3 Errors and learning strategies (3.5 —3.8)
3.5 Simplification by omission What are forms of simplification?
①Overgeneralisation and Transfer They can both be seen as expressions of the same underlying strategy of applying previous knowledge to the second language learning task. They can also both be seen as forms of simplification.
Conclusion: Different processes overlap(重叠)and may work together. There are cases when it is not possible to distinguish between redundancy reduction due to omission and the effects of overgeneralization, which may be the same.
The main creative processes: Transfer and Generalisation The less directly creative processes: Simplification through omission.
③ Redundancy reduction by omitting elements.
The first one is an ‘interlingual’ process. The second and third are ‘intralingual’ process
Simplification
3.6 Learning processes: summary
What Leabharlann re learning processes ?
① Transfer of rules from the mother tongue. ② Generalisation (and overgeneralization) of second language rules.
For example, the verb form in He go for caféof He understand chess can be seen both as redundancy reduction by omitting the third-person ending, and as overgeneralization of the form used after I, we, and so on.