跨文化沟通与管理名词解释：1.emotional culture: A culture in which emotions are expressed openly andnaturally.2.diffuse(分散的)culture: A culture in which public space and private space aresimilar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well.3.ascription(归属)culture: A culture in which status is attributed based on who orwhat a person is.4.GLOBE(Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness):Amulti-country study and evaluation of cultural attributes and leadership behaviors among more than 17,000 managers from 825 organizations in 62 countries.5.polycentric(多中心的）predisposition（倾向）: A philosophy(原理) of managementwhereby(借以) strategic decisions are tailored to suit the cultures of the countries where the MNC operates.6.regiocentric predisposition: A philosophy of management whereby the firm tries toblend(混合) its own interests with those of its subsidiaries(附属物) on a regional basis.7.globalization imperative: A belief that one worldwide approach to doing businessis the key to both efficiency and effectiveness.8.family culture: A culture that is characterized(以……为特征) by a strong emphasison hierarchy(等级制度) and orientation(方位、定位) to the person.9.Eiffel Tower culture: A culture that is characterized by a strong emphasis onhierarchy and orientation to the task.10.token(象征性的) group: A group in which all members but one have the samebackground, such as a group of Japanese retailers(零售商) and a British attorney.(律师)11.groupthink(集体考虑): Social conformity and pressures on individual members of agroup to conform and reach consensus.(共识)12.upward communication: The transfer of meaning from subordinate(下级)tosuperior.(上级)13.personal distance: In communicating, the physical distance used for talking withfamily and close friends.14.polychronic time schedule: A time schedule in which people tend to do severalthings at the same time and place higher value on personal involvement than on getting things done on time.15.negotiation(协商、谈判): Bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose ofarriving at a solution acceptable to all.简答题：一、Hofstede’s Culture Dimensions:Hofstede’s massive study continues to be a focal point for additional research. The four now-well-known dimensions that Hofstede examined were (1) power distance,(2)uncertainty avoidance, (3) individualism, and (4) masculinity.(1)Power distance is “the extant to which less powerful members of institutions andorganizations accept that power is distributed unequally.”(2)Uncertainty avoidance is “the extant to which people feel threatened byambiguous situations, and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these.”(3)Individualism is the tendency of people to look after themselves and theirimmediate family only.”(4)Masculinity is defined by Hofstede as “ a situation in which the dominant valuesin society are success, money, and things.”二、Trompenaars’s Culture Dimensions:Trompenaars derived five relationship orientations that address the ways in which people deal with each other.(1)Universalism vs. Particularism: Universalism is the belief that ideas and practicscan be applied everywhere without modification. Particularism is the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and something cannot be done the same everywhere.(2)Individualism vs. Communitarianism: Individualism refers to people regardingthemselves as individuals, while communitarianism refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group.(3)Neutral vs. Emotional: A neutral culture is one in which emotions are held incheck. An emotional culture is one in which emotions are openly and naturally expressed.(4)Specific vs. Diffuse: A specific culture is one in which individuals have a largepublic space they readily let others enter and share and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates. A diffuse culture is one in which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because enty into public space affords entry into private space as well.(5)Achievement vs. Ascription: An achievement culture is one in which people areaccorded status based on how well they perform their functions. An ascription culture is one in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is.三、文化的洋葱理论Schein divides organizational culture into three levels:1. Artifacts. These "artifacts" are at the surface, those aspects (such as dress) which can be easily discerned, but are hard to understand.2. Espoused V alues. Beneath artifacts are "espoused values" which are conscious strategies, goals and philosophies.3. Basic Assumptions and V alues. The core, or essence, of culture is represented by the basic underlying assumptions and values, which are difficult to discern beca use they exist at a largely unconscious level. Y et they provide the key to understanding why things happen in a particular way. These basic assumptions form around deeper dimensions of human existence such as the nature of humans, human relationships and activity, reality and truth.。