英语词汇学串讲<上>第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是‘Theory’和‘Example’ 的结合。
Ⅱ.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘Exceptions’ .Ⅲ.（10分）考试内容：ⅰ.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类ⅱ.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。
ⅲ.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。
ⅳ. Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 考试内容：ⅰ.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类ⅱ.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类ⅲ.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类ⅳ.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类Ⅴ. 名词解释(10分)：Ⅵ. 简答题(12分)：ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。
ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:Affected Meaning 名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：What is Affected Meaning, briefly exemplify it.ⅲ.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。
二. 串讲内容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography词典编纂研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章部分：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortuneblackmail 次划分为black 和mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。
What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考)What is the classification of words? How to classify words inlinguistics?Three criteria :1) By use of frequency2) By notion3) By originBy use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock2) Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可划分为：1) Content word2) Functional wordContent words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words 的别称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e.stabilityAccording to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the ninefunctional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability 搭配强度要把握住‘All national character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water …e.g. machine, video, telephone …e.g. bow, chariot , knightStability is relative, not absolute.根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basicvocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminologye.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargone.g. Bottom line ( Jargon )3) Slange.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )4) Argot 隐语e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words 方言e.g. station ( AusE = ranch )bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms 古语e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms 新词e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic differenceWhich constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, contentwords or functional words ?Answer : Content wordsWhat is native words?Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century bythe German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon words.(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language什么叫borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionarysome 80% of the entries are borrowed.什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L), shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier(F), pork from porc (F).什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed la ter from the Norse.第二章：The development of the English vocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock andgrammar . (重点：语系划分的标准）What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock2. grammar(重点)The Balto-Slavic印欧语系中的波罗的海comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容：) Prussian普鲁士, Lithuanian立陶, Polish波兰,Czech, Bulgarian 保,Slovenian斯洛维尼亚and Russian. 俄‘Indo-European’ 两大分支：1.Eastern set2.Western setEastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and AlbanianWestern set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic,希腊Germanic.日尔曼In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages:Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish andEnglish.With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English l anguage. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.重点句: Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts )古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了( early scripts)Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period )如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern English 又可以细划分为early period , modern period.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期（重要的选择或填空内容）Early modern English appeared in the RenaissanceModern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization) 殖民地化The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization )The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容)Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words :1)The rapid development of modern science and technology2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and language2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的Semantic loans ）Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer外来词可以被称作borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 .重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth ofEnglish vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English.英语从synthetic language 发展到present analytical language 是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：Modern English period文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案：Early Modern English period在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French, Latin, English in Middle English periodeasel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案：Middle English , Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500 个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch (前年考题)据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案：50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue )第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present - day English Vocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。