2009年8月30日
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Contents
1
2 3
Explosives Perforators Planning a Perforation
4
Perforating the Well
Perforating
When an oil or gas well is completed, casing and cement isolate the wellbore from the
a charge carrier
a detonating cord
a detonator
D
Lined Shaped Charges
The Munroe Effect or the Cavity Effect
Lined Shaped Charges
Lined Shaped Charges
1
The ideas of Munroe and Wood
concentricity （罩）同轴度
Lined Shaped Charges
Main Explosive
mass distribution detonation velocity
Lined Shaped Charges
Main Explosive
The shapes of the liner and of the inside of the case determine the distribution of the explosive.
Carrier Types
Perforating Guns
Perforating Gun 射孔枪
charge carrier 弹架
strip carrier 无枪身弹架
Perforating Guns
pressure rating 耐压 temperature rating 耐温 tensile strength 抗张强度 Acme thread 梯形螺纹-burr 毛刺 thread 丝扣
Charge Design
B Head Height
Cone Angle
A
Charge
Explosive Detonation Velocity E D
Liner Composition C and Thickness
Explosive Mass
Lined Shaped Charges
Computer Simulation Flash Radiograph of Jet Formation
射流形成之闪光高速摄影
Manufacturing Quality Control
112 Jet Cutter 切割弹
Sealing Charge 封穿弹
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Jet Puncher 冲孔弹
HEPF Perforation
Shaped Charge
Propellant Block
Detonating Cord
51
60
73
89,102,114
Perforating Guns
upper tandem 上中接 lower tandem 下中接
Perforating Guns
quick connector 快速接头
Detonating Cord
Detonating Cord
The first successful detonating cord consisted of a small-diameter lead tube filled with TNT. It was invented by Louis L’heure in France in 1907 and was called cordeau detonant.
Perforating Guns
Perforating Gun 射孔枪
top sub 枪头
Perforating Guns
quick change top sub 快接枪头 （与中接不一样的地方就是上面 多个螺钉孔）
Perforating Guns
Perforating Gun 射孔枪
bottom sub 枪尾
transfer charge, transfers the shock from
the detonation cord to the main
explosive.
Lined Shaped Charges
Jet Formation
Lined Shaped Charges
Target Penetration
crushed zone 压碎带 compaction zone 压实带 damaged zone 损害带 undisturbed formation 原状地层 underbalanced perforating 负压射孔 overbalance perforating 正压射孔
Lined Shaped Charges
2
In the early 1940s, work was undertaken in the United States
3
In 1945, a small group of engineers in Fort Worth, Texas
Lined Shaped Charges
Lined Shaped Charges
down the wireline activates the detonator.
The detonator generates a shock wave that
travels along the detonating cord and
sequentially fires the charges to produce
stability 稳定性 low explosive 低爆炸药 high explosive 高爆炸药；烈性炸药；猛炸药 primary explosive 初发炸药 secondary explosive 次发炸药 sensitivity 感度
Explosives for Oil and Gas Well
Charge Case
machined机加的steel
ceramic 陶瓷的
abrasion resistant 耐磨 cold-formed冷成型，冷加工，冷冲压 steel die-cast压铸的，模铸的 aluminum
Lined Shaped Charges
Liner
Shape • Depth of the Perforation •Diameter of the perforation
carrot 杵堵
debris 射孔碎屑
Lined Shaped Charges
collapse velocity 挤扁速度
shear strength 剪切强度
stagnation point 临界点
copper-silver alloy 铜银合金
ductility 延展性
symmetric 对称的
The type of explosive as well as its pressed density determine its detonation velocity.
Lined Shaped Charges
The primer or booster
The primer, sometimes referred to as a
Perforating Guns
Perforator Assembly Diagram
Perforating Guns
•used to perforate large diameter casing. All are retrievable;some are reusable. •used to perforate casing below tubing. Some are retrievable; none are reusable.
六硝基菧
TNT; Trinitrotoluene 梯恩梯；三硝基甲苯 lead azide 叠氮化铅 emulsion explosive 乳化炸药
CHAPTER 2
Perforators
a collection of explosive charges
A B C
Perforators
devices used to perforate wells
surrounding formations. To establish fluid
communication between the wellbore and formation so that production operations can proceed, holes must be created through the casing and cement. Perforating is the process
Normal Temperature
High Temperature
Superhigh Temperature
RDX
HMX
PYX
Explosives
RDX; Hexogen; Cyclotrimethlene
Trinitramine; Cyclonite 黑索金；环三亚甲基三硝胺
HMX; Octogen; Cyclotetramethylene
Basic Terminology
explosion 爆炸 initiation 起爆
detonation 爆轰
combustion 燃烧
deflagration 爆燃
heat of explosion 爆热
reaction speed 反应速度