1. 区分流派与分支 Distinction between Schools and Branches
1.3 历史视角和共时视角 一起 可以画出 一个十字, 像一个坐标.
The diachronic and synchronic perspectives will form a cross, which like a coordinate.
2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction
4.形式主义者把语言当成独立系统
研究；功能主义者把语言放在社会 功能中研究。 The formalists regard language as an independent system; the formalists study language in the social context by referring to its social function.
2.宏观区分流派
Halliday:
The basic opposition is not that between ‘structural’ and ‘generative’ grammars . The more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily symtagmatic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy)
2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction
2.3 两派的区别
1.
形式主义者认为语言是心理现象; 功能主义者说语言是社会现象. The formal camp say language is a psychological fact; the functional camp say language is a social fact.
Distinction between Schools and Branches
1. 区分流派与分支
1.2 语言学的分支: Branches: 从内部分:语音学, 音系(位)学, 词汇学, 形态 学, 句法学, 语义学, 语用学(?) Distinction from within: phonetics, phonology, lexicology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmatics (?)
2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction
3.形式主义者
说儿童习得语言是人类 的内在能力;功能主义者说这是儿童交 际的需要和能力的发展. The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language; the functional camp say that language learning comes from children’s needs and development.
1. 区分流派与分支 Distinction between Schools and Branches
1.2 分支多指领域, 研究范围, 也有经典著 作, 有影响的人物, 多用共时观点. (Branches refer to areas of study, with their classics, and influential figures; often a synchronic perspective.)
2.宏观区分流派
and
those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography). The former interpret a language a list of structures, among which, regular relationships may be established
2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction
2. 形式主义者说语言普遍现象是人类生 理遗传;功能主义者说是来自社会对语 言的普遍运用. The formal camp say linguistic universals are men’s biological inheritance; the functional camp say language similarities come from the common use of language.
2.宏观区分流派
功能派把语言看成是一个关系网，其基本 关系借助于结构加以实现；他们强调语言 之间的不同点，把语义看做语言的基础 （所以语法是自然的），因此语法是围绕 着文本或语篇而展开的。两个阵营之间有 许多交叉，也有互相借鉴， 但从思潮上讲 二者是很不同的，两大阵营开展对话也很 困难。
2.宏观区分流派
2.宏观区分流派
2.4 韩礼德:20世纪下半叶的基本对立阵营不是结构 主义与生成语法。最根本的两大阵营是：以组合 关系为取向的形式派（形式语法， 源于逻辑和哲 学），和以聚合关系为取向的功能派（功能语法， 源于修辞和人种学）。形式派把语言看成一系列 的结构， 这些结构之间可以找出固定的关系（所 以才有转换一说）；他们强调语言的普遍性，把 语法（他们称之为句法）看成是语言的基础（所 以语法是任意的），因此语法围绕着句子而展开。
2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction
2.2 功能派 注重分析语言的功能, 分析不同层次上 的成分的语义功能, 认为功能决定形式, 考虑语言的社会性. The functional school: emphasize the functional nature of L; analyze the semantic function of elements on all levels; function determines form; a sociolinguistic perspective.
2.宏观区分流派
韩礼德还说：功能语法属于应用研究， 形式语法属于纯理论研究；功能语法 更近于修辞， 形式语法更近于逻辑； 功能语法研究实际语言能力，形式语 法研究理想的语言能力；功能语法研 究文本/语篇，形式语法研究句子。它 把文本分析看做行为方式，语言理论 是成事之手段。
2.宏观区分流派
Hallidaபைடு நூலகம்:
2.宏观区分流派
(hence the introduction of transformation); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence.
2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction
2.1 形式派 注重分析语言的形式, 结构, 成分和成 分的分布, 对语言进行形式描写和描写的 形式化, 考虑语言的心理性. The formal school: emphasize the formal, structural aspects of L, and distribution of elements; formalize the description of L; a psychological perspective.
1. 区分流派与分支
欧洲功能主义(20世纪20-50)European functionalism 伦敦学派(1940—50)The London School; 系统功能语法(1960—现在) Halliday’s Systemic-functional grammar
1. 区分流派与分支
美国结构主义语言学(1930—50) American structuralism 美国转换生成语法(1957—现) Chomsky’s Generative Grammar 认知语言学 (today) Cognitive linguistics
In general the functional approach leans towards the applied rather than the pure, the rhetorical rather than the logical, the actual rather the ideal, the functional rather than the formal, the text rather than the sentence.
1. 区分流派与分支
从外部分:
心理语言学, 社会语言学, 计 算语言学, 神经语言学, 文化语言学, 人 类语言学等. Distinction from within: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, computation linguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, cultural linguistics, etc.
The functionalists interpret language as a network of relations, with structures coming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables among languages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural), and so to be organized around the text, or discourse.