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现代操作系统Modern Opera System -3e-01


Figure 1-8. (a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache. (b) A quad-core chip with separate L2 caches.
Memory (1)
Figure 1-9. A typical memory hierarchy. The numbers are very rough approximations.
Figure 1-5. A multiprogramming system with three jobs in memory.
ICs and Multiprogramming(cont.)
•Spooling( Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line) Input spooling is the technique of reading in jobs, for example, from cards,onto the disk, so that when the currently executing processes are finished,there will be work waiting for the CPU. Output spooling consists of first copying printable files to disk before printing them, rather than printing directly as the output is generated. •Timesharing A kind of OS •Typical OS UNIX Linux
Figure 1-3. (c) Operator carries input tape to 7094. (d) 7094 does computing. (e) Operator carries output tape to 1401. (f) 1401 prints output.
Transistors and Batch Systems (4)
Mainframe Operating Systems(3)
Timeshareing Timesharing systems allow multiple remote users to run jobs on the computer at once. Eg: Querying a big database
Figure 1-4. Structure of a typical FMS job.
ICs and Multiprogramming
•Multiprogramming is the rapid switching of the CPU between multiple processes in memory. It is commonly used to keep the CPU busy while one or more processes are doing I/O.
• •

Allow multiple programs to run at the same time Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways: • In time • In space
The Operating System as an Extended Machine
Figure 1-2. Operating systems turn ugly hardware into beautiful abstractions.
The Operating System as a Resource Manager
Server Operating Systems
• Run on servers Servers: Large PC workstation Mainframe Server OS serve multiple users at once over a network and allow the users to share hardware and software. Servers provide print service, file service, Web service Internet providers run server machines to support their customers and Websites use servers to store the Web pages and handle the incoming requests. Eg: Solaris, FreeBSD, Linux, Windows server 200X

Mainframe Operating Systems(2)
Batch system A batch system is one that processes routine jobs without any interactive user present. Eg: processing in an assurance company Sales reporting for a chain of stores Transaction processing system A transaction processing system is one that handles large numbers of small requests. Each unit of work is small, but the system must handle hundreds or thousands per second. Eg: Check processing in a bank Airline reservations
Memory (2)
Questions when dealing with cache:
• • • When to put a new item into the cache. Which cache line to put the new item in. Which item to remove from the cache when a slot is needed. Where to put a newly evicted itቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱm in the larger memory.
Personal Computers
•CP/M (Control program for Microcomputer)(1974-1982)
•DOS(Disk Operating System)->MSDOS(1982-1995)
•Windows95 (16 bit system)(1995.8) •Windows98 (16 bit system)(1998.6) •Windows NT (32 bit system)(1993-1998 V3.1-V5.0Beta2) •Windows2000 (Windows NT5.0)(2000.2)
Transistors and Batch Systems (1)
Figure 1-3. An early batch system. (a) Programmers bring cards to 1401. (b)1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape.
Transistors and Batch Systems (2)
MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Third Edition ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
Chapter 1 Introduction
What Is An Operating System (1)
A modern computer consists of:
• • • • • One or more processors Main memory Disks Printers Various input/output devices
Managing all these components requires a layer of software – the operating system
What Is An Operating System (2)
Figure 1-1. Where the operating system fits in.
History of Operating Systems
Generations: • • • • (1945–55) Vacuum Tubes (1955–65) Transistors and Batch Systems (1965–1980) ICs and Multiprogramming (1980–Present) Personal Computers

Disks
Figure 1-10. Structure of a disk drive.
I/O Devices
Figure 1-11. (a) The steps in starting an I/O device and getting an interrupt.
Buses
Figure 1-12. The structure of a large Pentium system
•Windows Me(Millennium edition)(another version of Win98 ,2000.9)
•Windows XP (upgraded version of Windows 2000)(2001) •Vista (2007.1)
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