Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼 (1473-1543)
哥白尼的学说不仅改变了那个时代人类
对宇宙的认识，而且根本动摇了欧洲中 世纪宗教神学的理论基础。
Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼
恩格斯的评价： “从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来” “科学的发展从此便大踏步前进”

Two merits shared by the great scientists of the 17th century:
First, they showed boldness in
framing hypotheses.
Second, they all had immense patience in observation.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使 人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常 讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术， 始能无知而显有知。 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使 人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻 辑修辞学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。 人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书 使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动 除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃 ，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。
And
therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he does not. 因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不 常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者 须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。
如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须 全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异， 可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如 不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律 师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可 医。 王佐良 译
1. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯· 培根
英国散文作家
essayist 哲学家philosopher 政治家statesman
Galileo Galilei伽利略· 伽利莱
The
greatest name in the physics of the period. Italian scientist
Galileo Galilei伽利略· 伽利莱
The first to apply the telescope to the study of the sky, which proved the validity of the Copernicus theory.
Matching
1.William
Shakespeare 2.Thomas More 3. Martin Luther 4. Leonardo da Vinci a. Mona Lisa b. Hamlet c. 95 Theses d. Utopia
Keys for Matching
他是利用望远镜观测天体取得大量成果 的第一位科学
His discoveries:
Acceleration The The
in dynamics 动力加速度
law if inertia 惯性定律 law of falling bodies 自由落体定律
3.牛顿（nd Nature’s laws lay hid in night, God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light.
自然界和自然规律隐藏在黑暗中 上帝说，让牛顿出生吧！于是一切都是 光明。


牛顿名言
If
I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants 如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人 的肩膀上。
Science
1. From Copernicus to Kepler
A.
Nicolaus Copernicus 哥白尼
Polish
astronomer 波兰 天文学家
theory “日心说”
Heliocentric The
Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 《天体运行论》
Famous quotations from Bacon
Knowledge
is power 知识就是力量
Of Studies 论学习
Studies
serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 王佐良译文：读书足以怡情 ，足以博彩，足以长才。
Crafty
men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书 ，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用 处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书 外，全凭观察得之。
Bertrand Russell Said:
The modern world, as far as mental outlooks is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century.
II. Science
A breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century Chemistry in 18th century Biology in 19th century Psychology in 20th century
1.
Advance in science, astronomy, physics and pure mathematics. 2. The outlook of educated men was transformed. 3. The newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie.
English Revolution
Enclosure
movement Puritan movement Civil War – 1642 Cromwell as Protector – 1649 Restoration of Stuart – 1660 Glorious Revolution – 1688 The Bill of Rights – 1689
王佐良译文：
读书使人充实； 讨论使人机智；笔记使人精确。
2. John Milton(约翰· 弥尔顿)and English Revolution
John
Milton British poet The man of thought Ranks with Shakespeare & Chaucer in English literature
Review Practice
Three Words – Features of Renaissance
Humanism Christianity Knighthood Bourgeoisie Shakespeare Chaucer
Keys for Features
Humanism Bourgeoisie Shakespeare
创立归纳法(induction)
马克思称他是“英国唯物主义和
整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。”
Bacon’s main works
The
Advancement of Learning《广学
论》 The New Atlantics《新大西岛》 The Novum Organum(New Method) 《新工具 》 Essays《培根论说文集》
有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书， 唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用 书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书 上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思 。 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须 咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需须读部分者，有只 须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯 注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘 要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经 提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味矣。
英国的数学家及物理学家 微积分(Calculus
)缔造者 万有引力理论的发明者 Law of universal gravitation

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 《自然哲学的数学原理 》
蒲伯为牛顿墓碑而题的未被采用的墓 志铭：
III. Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
创立
论读书 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈论阔之中；其长才也，最见于处世 判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一 判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学 深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太 盛则矫，全屏条文断事乃学究故态。 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不 足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如 何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之， 则又大而无当。
Famous quotations from Bacon