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Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

Summary 的写作技巧和常见句型 一、概括原文 (一)阅读1. 读懂文章 读文章的时候,要养成良好的阅读习惯, 划划写写,英文阅读的时候, 用铅笔轻轻划出重点 词汇。

认真阅读给定的原文材料。

如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。

解就越深刻。

2. 拆分文章 按照作者的思路,把文章分段,每个段落用几个词,几个短语概括。

尽量简短,精炼。

段落中心句,在段落的开头或末尾。

有时也会变态的在当中。

3. 概括主旨写出文章的 thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。

(二)基本结构和技巧 1. 重新拟定标题给summary 起一个标题。

用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、 短语或短句子作为标题。

也可 以采用文中的主题句作为标题。

2. 阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。

不要引用原文的句子。

作的文章,注意要把作者的名字放在第一句(或者是 的 main ideas (主要观点)和 supporting points 3. 词汇运用注意概述的 coherence (连贯性) ,运用好 transition words (过渡词) , like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4. 删除细节 只保留主要观点。

5. 选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括 5 个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。

6. 把长句变成短句,把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。

“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为: “ He was in finan cial difficulties. ”“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion - 可以概括为:” He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为: “ He was in finan cial difficulties. ” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。

请看下面的例子: “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, on these mountains, and better train and bus services, of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.可以概括为: ” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:阅读次数越多,你对原文的理写概述的时候,如果能够明确是他人写 the author ... )。

接着写出要阐述 对主要观点的支持) 。

like. ”and Mount Huang, were visited holidays with pay, new hotelshave brought them within reach“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation. ” 可以概括为: ” She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation. 8) 使用最短的连接词。

比如,可以使用 but, then, thus, yet, though ,不能使用 at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand 等较长的连接 词。

通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。

9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称, 从而把大段的对白简化, 比如: Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it 's not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: ”Why on earth not! Ifyou didn 't have salt on your food it would taste awful or sand …just imagine bread without salt! ” Kate was patient. She didn ' persuade him. She said firmly: ”But pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. tastes which are much more subtle than salt, to appreciate any more. ” 可以用第三人称概括为:Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much saltwould do hard to Paul 's healt h and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 7.注意问题 (1)避免重复 在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。

但是这在 应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

(2) 不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者 (3) 概述长度不要超过原文章的 1/4 (4)不要过多照搬原作者的用词,用句 (尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句) 。

(5) 最后检查一遍,确保文中没有语病,没有语法错误和拼写错误。

二、论文摘要 摘要的基本结构和内容 因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文, 的结构是对应的。

因此,摘要应包括以下内容梗概: (1)目的: 务, 所涉及的主题范围; (2)方法:所用的理论、条件、手段等; 析、比较、评价、应用,提出的问题,今后的课题 , 假设、启发、 不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的,但具有重要的信息价值。

(一)引言部分 1.回顾研究背景 常用词汇有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about ……. 2.阐明写作或研究目的 常用词汇有: purpose, attempt, aim 等。

另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。

例如: To investigate the mechanism of ……. Paul put down his knife and frowned: •Tike eati ng cardboard salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to too muchsalt is bad for you. It It also disguises the taste and which we have lost cause high blood of food, the real the sensitivity summary 中是不能使用的。

所以其构成与论文主体 研究工作的前提、目的和任 (3)结果( 4)结果的分 建议、预测等; (5)其他: 等。

3. 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有: study , present , include , focus , emphasize , emphasis , attention Here we study the ....This article in eludes a brief review of ..... (二) 方法部分 1. 介绍研究过程常用词汇有: test , study , investigate , examine , experiment , discuss , consider , analyze , analysis 等。

We p rese nt an a n alysis of ..2. 说明研究或试验方法 常用词汇有: measure , estimate , calculate We have developed a ... model to estimate This study p rese nts estimates of .. (三) 结果部分1. 展示研究结果 常用词汇有: show , result , present 等。

We show this cell death to be dependent upon Our results sugge st that ...2. 介绍结论 常用词汇有: summary , introduce , conclude By means of a series of exa mpl es, we con elude that..(四) 讨论部分1. 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点常用词汇有: suggest , report , present , explain , expect , describe The results suggest that .... In this study, we describe ..... 2. 阐明论证常用词汇有: support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify 等。

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