独立主格一、独立主格结构(the absolute structure)用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的特点：1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
4)在句中作状语，并对主句进行补充说明。
5)它有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思三、构成1、名词/代词+ to doWe divide the work, he to clean windows and I to sweep the floor.The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。
2、名词/代词+ doingIt being fine, we decided to go for a picnic.There being no bus or taxi then, we had to walk home.There being nothing else to do, we left.The problem having been settled, we ended our meeting.The clock having struck 12, I went to bed.（1）.__________no bus, we had to walk home. (A)A .There beingB .BeingC .Having beenD .There was（2）._______no bus, we had to walk home. (b)A .As there beingB .As there wasC .BeingD .There was（3）._______Sunday, the library doesn't open. (c)A .BeingB .There beingC .It beingD .Having been（4）.______Sunday, the library doesn't open. (d or It being)A .As it beingB .BeingC .It isD .As it is3、名词/代词+ doneHis voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.Her wallet stolen, she had no money to buy even a bus ticket.因为钱包被偷了，她甚至连买车票的钱也没有了。
The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了，同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
（1）.______a___, the train started.A .The signal givenB .Giving the signal B .The signal being given D .The signal giving（2）.____d______, the train started.A .After having given the signalB .After the signal givenC .Giving the signalD .After the signal was given（3）.____b_____, the text became easier for us to learn.A .Explaining new wordsB .New words explainedC .Being explained new wordsD .Having explained new words（4）.______a________, the text became easier for us to learn.A. When new words were explained B .Explaining new wordsC .New words explainingD .Being explained new words4、名词/代词+adj. / adv.I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.我看见深深的池塘里，水蓝蓝的像天空。
The condition (being) favorable, he may succeed.条件有利的话，他可能成功。
Summer (being) over, students returned to school.夏天过去了，学生回到了学校。
All the lights on, our classroom building looks even more beautiful.Computers being very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，但用途却很广泛。
（1）._____b or Conditions being better______, the patient can leave the hospital.A .Better conditionsB .Conditions betterC .Conditions are betterD .Being better conditions （2）.___c______, the patient can leave the hospital.A .If better conditionsB .If conditions betterC .If conditions are better D. Being better conditions （3）.______b__, we’d like to go outing.A .Being SundayB .Sunday OKC .Sunday is OKD .If Sunday OK（4）._____d______, we’d like to go outing.A .If Sunday is OKB .Sunday being OKC .Sunday OK D.A,B and C（5）.____d_____, you can wait a while.A .The play being still onB .The play still onC Being still on the play D.A and B（6）.____c_____, so you can wait a whileA .The play is still onB .The play being still on C. As the play is still on D .The play still on5、名词/代词+ 介词短语He came into the classroom, book in hand.The men ran out of the burning house, many of them with their clothes on fire.He went off, gun in hand.The old man stood under a big tree, pipe in mouth.Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语教师手里拿着试卷走进了教室。
（1）.The boy followed the nobleman here, ____ d_______.A .a sword in handB .a sword in his hand B .Being a sword in hand D .sword in hand（2）.The boy followed the nobleman here _____a______.A .with a sword in his handB .with a sword in handC .with a sword being in handD .a sword being in hand（3）.He left the office, _________b_.A .tears being in eyesB .tears in eyesC .being tears in eyesD .with tears being in eyes （4）.He left the office _____b_____.A .with tears being in eyesB .with tears in her eyesC .being tears in eyesD .tears being in eyes 在这个结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，在这些名词前习惯上不用冠词。
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raised.He came into the classroom, book in hand.with a book in his hand.He stood under a tree, hand in pocket.= with a hand in his pocket.The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his backA. being tiedB. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。
当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。
由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.四、独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。