语言学导论 任课教师： 任课教师：沈园
参与者角色（题元角色） 参与者角色（题元角色）
• • • • • • • 施事 (Agent) 受事 (Theme) 目标 (Goal) 方位 (location) 经验者 (Experiencer) 来源 (source) 受益者 (benefactive)
语言学导论
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预设 (presupposition)
(1) Polonius quit biting his nails Presupposes: Polonius used to bite his nails Asserts: Polonius stopped biting his nails (2) Polonius didn’t quit biting his nails Presupposes: Polonius used to bite his nails Asserts: He still does!
Source
Ann borrowed the book from the library. AGENT THEME SOURCE
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练习
Peter told the story to his friends. Mary heard the cry. The book is on the desk.
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Q: 如何区分预设与蕴含 如何区分预设与蕴含? • A: Rodney hasn’t quit smoking. • B: Rodney smoked before. • A: Rodney didn’t go to Philadelphia again. • B: Rodney had been to Philadelphia before.
语义学
语言学导论
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• 涵义 (Sense) • 指称 (Reference) Morning Star is the Evening Star. Morning Star is the Morning Star.
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意义 词的意义 | 词组的意义 | 句子的意义 | 言语(utterance)的意义 言语 的意义
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• Pete ate the chicken. agent theme • The chicken ate. agent / *theme
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句子意义之间的关系
蕴含（ 蕴含（Entailment） ） 如果A为真 为真， 一定为真 一定为真. 如果 为真，B一定为真 A: Rodney talked to Paul and Sally. B: Rodney talked to Paul. A: Most linguists are vegetarians. B: At least one linguist is a vegetarian.
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the • The Prince of Denmark is(n’t) crazy • Presupposes: There is a Prince of Denmark • The French king is bald.
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• It was yesterday that he flew to London. • He flew to London.
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主语与参与者角色的对应
• 施事 > 受事 受益者 > 工具 > 场所 受事/受益者
语言学导论
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• Pete broke the computer. agent theme • The computer broke. theme
语言学导论
语言学导论
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regret, quit • Lear regretted yelling at Goneril • Lear didn’t regret yelling at Goneril • Both presuppose: Lear yelled at Goneril
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Beckham kicked the ball. Agent Predicate Theme – Agent – Beckham – Theme – the ball
语言学导论
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• Agent Carmen browsed the webpage. AGENT THEME Angie took the book. AGENT THEME • Theme The ball rolls. THEME
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Experiencer and Benefactive
• Experiencer The students love syntax. EXPERIENCER THEME • Benefactive Tony gave Carmen AGENT BENEFACTIVE
a pencil. THEME
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Goal, Location and Source
• Goal Beckham kicked the ball into the goal. AGENT THEME GOAL
Location
He is in Hong Kong. THEME LOCATION
语言学导论
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• • • • •
预设 (presupposition) 是否为真， 为真。 要判断 A是否为真，必须先假定 为真。 是否为真 必须先假定B为真 A: Rodney has quit smoking. B: Rodney smoked before. A: Rodney went to Philadelphia again. B: Rodney had been to Philadelphia before.
语言学导论 任课教师： 任课教师：沈园