高中化学必修2知识点归纳_人教版（High school chemistry knowledge required 2 induction _ Renjiaoban）The first chapter is the periodic law of matter structure elementsThe same cycle, the cycle number = the number of electronsClass periodic ordinal stop elements include the number of elements and the number of electrons outside the nucleusShort period 1 H - He 212 Li - Ne 823 Na - Ar 83Long period 4 K - Kr 1845 Rb - Xe 1856 Cs - Rn 3267 incomplete Fr - 112 (118) 26 (32) 7Seventh cycles, atomic number 113114115116117118A number = number of electrons in the outermost shell A A A III IV V VI VII A A 0The family number of elements of a family group element = theoutermost electron number of an element (or: the principal family number = the outermost electron number)18 longitudinal (7 main group; 7 sub group; a group 0; a group VIII (8, 9, 10 and three longitudinal))The main group A 7 consists of short cycle elements and long cycle elementsSub group B 7 completely by long period of elements of Group VIII and all sub group known as transition metal elementsVIII 1 3 longitudinalNeutral 1 rare gas element is not very livelyAlkali metal lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)Structure because the outermost layer is only one electron, easy to lose electrons, showing +1 price,The density of physical properties increases gradually and gradually increasesThe melting point gradually decreases (abnormally)Chemically, the number of electrons outside the nucleus increases, and the outermost electrons are farther away from the nucleus,Gradually increasing the ability to lose electrons, the metal gradually increased, the more active metalHalogen fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or astatine (F, Cl, Br, I, At)Structure because the outermost layer has 7 electrons, easy to get electrons, showing -1 price,The density of physical properties increases graduallyThe boiling point is gradually rising (normal)Color, status, color gradually deepen, gas ~ liquid to solidSolubility gradually decreasesChemically, the number of electrons outside the nucleus increases, and the outermost electrons are farther away from the nucleus,The electron capacity decreases gradually, and the nonmetal gradually decreases, and the metal becomes inactiveReacted violently with hydrogen: F2>Cl2>Br2>I2Hydride stability HF>HCl>HBr>HIHydride aqueous solution, acidic HF<HCl<HBr<HI (HF is weak acid, a weak three strong)The more stable hydrides are, the more difficult it is to ionize in water and the weaker the acidityThree. NuclideAtomic mass is mainly determined by the mass of protons and neutrons.Mass number (A) = the number of protons (Z) + 10 subnumber (N)An atom of an atom of a certain number of protons and a certain number of neutronsIsotopes of isotopes with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of different atoms"Parity" means that the proton number is the same, the position in the periodic table is the same, the nuclide refers to a single atom, and the isotope refers to the relationship between the nuclidesThe isotopic properties of the same element are almost the same, but the physical properties are differentIn a naturally occurring element, whether free or compound, the abundances of various isotopes (atomic percentages) are generally unchangedI. steps of electrons outside an atomic nucleusLayer ordinal 1234567Electronic layer symbols K, L, M, N, O, P, QFar from the nucleus, from near to farEnergy from low to highThe maximum number of electrons in each layer shall be 2 x 12=2, 2 x 22=8, 2 x 32=18, 2 x 42=32, 2 x 52=50, 2 x 62=72, 2 x 72=98Nonmetallic and metallic properties (general law):Electronic outer layer, electron number gain and loss, electron trend, element propertiesMetal element <4 is easily lost in metalNonmetallic elements >4 are easily nonmetallicDetermine the strength of metal metal: non-metallicnon-metallic strength judgment:Water (acid) react with hydrogen to make hydrogen more active. The more active it is, the easier it is to combine with hydrogen, and the more stable and more active the hydride is produced,The highest price is stronger and more active alkaline oxide hydrate high hydrate more acidic oxide more livelyLively metal replacement, less lively, metal lively,non-metallic replacement, less active non-metallicThe negative metal of the galvanic cell is more active than that of the positive electrodePeriodic law of elements: the properties of elements undergo periodic changes with increasing atomic number of elements. This law is called the periodic law of elements1 A, the more left the lower, the more active metal, the greater the radius of the atom, the outermost layer of the farther from the nucleus, the stronger the reducibility.The more easily and water (or acid) H2 reaction is intense, high alkaline oxide hydrates more strongB, the more the right, the more non-metallic, the more active, the smaller the radius of the atom, the outermost layer closer to the nucleus, the stronger the oxidation.The more easy and H2 combination is fiercer, the highest price of the more acidic oxide hydrate2. Methods for inferring short period elements (second, third cycles)Block diagram:A second cycles, if the proton number of A is ZC BD third cycles, if the outermost electron number of A isaZ 2+aZ+7, Z+8, Z+9, 9+a, 10+a, 11+aThe relation between the properties of 2. elements and the position of elements in the periodic tableI, II, III A A A, A, A, IV V VI and VII A A 0One2 B3 Al Si4 Ge As5 Sb Te6 Po AtSevenRelationship between the valence of the element position in the periodic table:The main elements are: the highest price = highest number is + three valence group minimum negative valence, = 8Periodic table of elements: periodic ordinal = Electron layer number; principal group ordinal = outermost electron number;Atom: atomic number = nuclear proton number = nuclear charge number = outer core electron numberChemical bondIonic bond: the chemical bond between anion and cation formed by electrostatic interaction between metal and nonmetal atomsCovalent bond: the chemical bond between atoms by sharing electrons; between two nonmetallic atomsNonpolar covalent bonds: the same non metallic atom forms a covalent bond (an electron pair is not deflected) between two identical nonmetallic atomsPolar covalent bond: the formation of a covalent bond (an electron pair) between two different nonmetallic atomsHe, Ar, Ne, and other rare gases are monatomic molecules, and there is no chemical bond between moleculesCovalent compounds have covalent bonds and must not contain ionic bonds; ionic compounds have ionic bonds and may contain covalent bondsThe second chapter, chemical energy and heat energyIn reaction, the old chemical bonds break down, absorb energy,form new chemical bonds after reaction, and then form and release energySigma E (reactant) > Sigma E (generator) - emits energySigma E (reaction) less than Sigma E (generator) - absorbs energyTwo basic laws of nature, the law of conservation of mass, and the law of conservation of energyA common exothermic reaction; a common endothermic reactionCombustion reaction of Ba (OH) 8H2O+2NH4Cl==BaCl2+2NH3 =+10H2O 2?Neutralization reaction, CO2+C=COThermit reaction NH4NO3 soluble in water (shake ice)Second sections of chemical and electrical energyNegative Zn2e = Zn2+ (Zn+2H+ = Zn2++H2 = oxidation)Positive 2H++2e = H2 = (reduction), current direction of electron flow to Zn Cu to Zn CuThe condition of a primary cell: a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energyThere are two kinds of movable metal (or nonmetal conductor)used as electrodes, which are active to negative electron lossRedox reaction between active metal and electrolyte solution. The two poles are connected to form a closed circuitTwo times battery: rechargeable battery, two energy: after a primary energy processing, conversion of energyCommon batteries, dry cells, lead batteries, silver zinc batteries, cadmium nickel batteries, fuel cells (alkaline)Third rates and limits of chemical reactionsThe concept of a chemical reaction rate expressed as a decrease in the concentration of reactants or an increase in the concentration of an agent per unit time.Unit: mol/ (L? S) or mol/ (L? Min) expression of V (B) = Delta C/ delta TThe same reaction speed rate expressed by coefficient of different substances and is proportional to the reaction equationThe internal cause (main factor) affecting the rate of chemical reaction: the chemical properties of the substances involved in the reactionExternal concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst particle sizeThe larger the change, the higher the height and the smaller the surface areaSpeed affects fast, fast, fast, fast, fastThe limit of a chemical reaction: the extent to which a reversible reaction can be carried out (not to the end)The limit that the reaction can reach: when the reversible reaction is positive, the reaction rate is the same as the inverse reaction rate, the concentration of reactants and the product are not changed, and a balance state is reached on the surface".The condition, concentration, pressure, temperature of chemical equilibriumControl of chemical reaction conditionsIt is usually necessary to consider two points as much as possible to make the fuel burn sufficiently and increase the utilization ratio of raw material:One is to have enough air when burning; two, there is a large enough contact area between the fuel and the airThird chapter organic compoundSection 1 the simplest organic compound methaneThe oxidation reaction of CH4 (g) 2O2 (g), CO2 (g) +2H2O (L)The substitution reaction of CH4Cl2 (g), CH3Cl+HClAlkane formula: CnH2n+2 n = 4 for all gases, 1-4 carbon in hydrocarbon gas, are insoluble in water, lighter than waterWhen the number of carbon atoms is below ten, one, B, C, D, D, R, R, O, R, R and R are used in turnHomologue: structurally similar, in the molecular composition of the difference between one or several CH2 atomic mass of each other called homologuesIsomer: a compound having isomerism that is called isomerismAllotrope: same form different elemental elementsAn atom of the same class of elements having the same number of protons and different numbers of neutronsEthylene C2H4 contains an unsaturated C=C double bond that causes the solution of KMnO4 and bromine to fadeOxidation reaction 2C2H4+3O2, =2CO2+2H2OThe addition reaction of CH2=CH2+Br2 and CH2Br-CH2Br break before the inner external variablePolymerization reaction nCH2=CH2 [CH2 - CH2]n polymer compounds, difficult to degrade, white pollutionThe most important basic petrochemical raw materials, ripener plant growth regulator and fruit,Ethylene production is a measure of the development level of the national petrochemical industryBenzene is a colorless, special smelling liquid, toxic, insoluble in water, and a good organic solventThe structural features of benzene: the carbon and carbon bonds in benzene molecules are a unique bond between the single bond and the double bondOxidation reaction 2, O2, C6H6+15, 12, CO2+, 6 H2OSubstitution reaction, bromination reaction + Br2 + -Br + H BrNitration + HNO3 + -NO2 + H2OAddition reaction +3, H2Third sections of two common organic compounds in lifeThe physical properties of alcohol: colorless, transparent, with a special flavor of the liquid, the density is less than water, boiling point is lower than water, volatile.A good organic solvent that dissolves a variety of organic and inorganic substances and is miscible with water at any rate,The alcohol functional group is hydroxyl -OHReaction with metallic sodium 2CH3CH2OH+Na - 2CH3CHONa+H2The oxidation was completely oxidized to CH3CH2OH+3O2 to2CO2+3H2OIncomplete oxidation of 2CH3CH2OH+O2 to 2CH3CHO+2H2O Cu as catalystAcetic acid CH3COOH functional group: carboxyl group -COOH acetic acid, or acetic acid or glacial acetic acid.Weak acid, strong CH3COOH+NaOH, CH3COONa+H2O than carbonate 2CH3COOH+CaCO3, Ca (CH3COO) = 2+H2O+CO2Esterification reaction between alcohol and acid to produce ester and water is called esterification. Principle, dehydrogenation of acid, hydroxyl alcohol.CH3COOH+C2H5OH to CH3COOC2H5+H2OFourth basic nutrientsCarbohydrate: the product of photosynthesis of green plants, and an important source of energy needed for plants and animals. Also called carbohydratesMonosaccharide C6H12O6, glucose, polyhydroxy aldehyde,CH2OH-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-CHOPoly hydroxy ketoneNo C12H22O11 sucrose aldehyde disaccharide hydrolysis of a molecule of glucose and fructose molecules:Maltose is hydrolyzed by aldehyde groups to produce two molecules of glucosePolysaccharide (C6H10O5), n starch, aldehyde free group n, is not isomerism, meets the iodine to change blue, the hydrolysis final product is glucoseCellulose free aldehyde groupGrease: lighter than water (between density), insoluble in water. Is the highest energy producing nutrientVegetable oil C17H33- more, unsaturated liquid oil hydrolysis products are higher fatty acids and glycerol (glycerol), oil in alkaline conditions hydrolysis reaction called saponification reactionFat, C17H35 and C15H31 are more solidProtein is a natural high molecular compound composed of dehydration and condensation of a variety of amino acidsProtein hydrolysate is an amino acid. There are 8 kinds of essential amino acids in human body, and 12 kinds of non essential amino acidsProtein propertiesSalting out: purifying, denaturation: losing physiological activity, color reaction: adding concentrated nitric acid, showing yellow, burning: showing scorch feathersIngestion: taking heavy metal salt containing fresh milk or Soybean Milk rich proteinMain applications: the basic substance of cell, human nutrition, industrial application, enzyme is a special proteinThe fourth chapter, chemistry and sustainable developmentDevelopment and utilization of metal resourcesElectrolysis of very active metals K-Al, MgCl2 = Mg + Cl2The thermal reduction method is more lively for metals Zn-Cu, Fe2O3+3CO = 2Fe+3CO23Fe3O4+8Al = 9Fe+4Al2O3 thermit reactionThermal decomposition of inactive metals Hg-Au, 2HgO = Hg + O2Exploitation and utilization of sea water resourcesDesalination methods: distillation, electrodialysis, ion exchangeSalt extracting potassium, extracting bromine, extracting iodine with chlorine, extracting uranium and heavy water,developing marine medicine, utilizing tidal energy and wave energyMagnesium salt crystals extract Mg2+-----, Mg (OH) 2-------MgCl22NaCl+2H2O = H2 = chlor alkali industry NaOH + Cl2 = +2Chemical and resource comprehensive utilizationCoal is composed of organic and inorganic substances, mainly containing carbon elementsThe distillation coal cuts off the coal tar and coke by separating the air from the heatLiquefied C (s) +H2O (g) = CO (g) +H2 (g);Vaporize CO (g) +2H2 to CH3OHCoke oven gas CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, water gas, CO, H2Natural gas, methane hydrate, combustible ice, hydrated methane crystal (CH4, nH2O)Petroleum alkane, naphthenic and naphthenic hydrocarbons, consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen elementsThe process of separating complex mixtures into simpler, more useful mixtures by using different boiling points of each component in crude oil.Under certain conditions, cracking of hydrocarbons with large molecular weight and high boiling point is the process of breaking down hydrocarbons with small molecular weight and low boiling point.Environmental problems, irrational development and utilization of natural resources,Environmental pollution caused by industry, agriculture and human lifeWaste gas, waste water and waste residueSO2, NOx, acid rain, ozone hole: chlorofluorocarbons red tide, water eutrophication, algal bloom: N PGreen chemistry refers to the reaction of chemical reactions and processes to the basic principle of "atomic economy" and only one product。