有机化学羧酸及衍生物
有机羧酸及其衍生物是有机化学中应用最广泛的重要化合物之一，几乎所有的有机物都是结构和功能性的羧酸衍生物。
它们由非常复杂的结构，从一种亲水性的、具有一个或者多个氢原子的，比较简单的醛与醇体积式羧酸，到脂溶性的、具有脂类或碳酸酯等有机基组成的、比较复杂的多羟基羧酸。
它们都具有很好的化学稳定性和匹配性，在生物体内具有独特的生物活性，因此被广泛应用于各种科学领域。
有机羧酸及其衍生物可分为两大类：一类是单羟基羧酸，它们是由醛与醇有机化合物组成；另一类是多羟基羧酸，它们含有一个以上的羟基，而且具有脂溶性的有机基。
单羟基羧酸有很多种，具体分类如下：呋喃酸、玻璃酸、环酸、乙醇酸、丙酸、乳酸、鞣酸等；多羟基羧酸也有很多种，主要有有机醋酸、有机磷酸、有机碳酸和有机磷脂等。
有机羧酸及其衍生物在化学领域有着广泛的应用。
羧酸及其盐是常用的表面活性剂，羧酸与碱可缓解环境中硫氧化物及酸雨的危害；多羟基羧酸的衍生物是生物体的
重要组成部分，包括DNA及RNA的碱基，也是酶的活性中心及核糖体的结构化合物。
此外，它们也可进一步衍生出有机键、芳环等，与功能性化合物相连，用于制造药物和高科技中的医疗器械。
有机羧酸及其衍生物应用广泛，必将深刻影响人们的日常生活，是实现未来科学社会化十分重要的一环。
Organic carboxylic acids and their derivatives are one of the most widely used important compounds in organic chemistry, almost all organic compounds are structural and functional carboxylic acid derivatives. They have very complex structures, from a comparatively simple hydrophilic and one or more hydrogen small molecular alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid, to lipophilic and composed of lipids or esters and other organic base, more complex polyhydroxy carboxylic acid. They all have good chemical stability and matching, unique biological activity in organisms, and are widely used in various scientific fields.
Organic carboxylic acids and their derivatives can be divided into two categories: one is monohydroxy carboxylic acid, which is composed of aldehyde and alcohol organic compounds; the other is polyhydroxy carboxylic acid, which contains one or more hydroxyl groups, and has lipophilic organic base. Monohydroxy carboxylic acid has many kinds, the specific classification is following: furan carboxylic acid, glacial acetic acid, cyclo carboxylic acid, ethyl alcohol carboxylic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tannic acid and so on; polyhydroxy carboxylic acid also has many kinds, mainly include organic acetic acid, organic phosphoric acid, organic carbonic acid and organic phospholipid.
Organic carboxylic acids and their derivatives have a wide range of applications in chemical field. Carboxylic acid and its salts are commonly used surfactants, and carboxylic acid and alkali。