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笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

英汉互译中的增词法和减词法
(一)语法增减词
A.英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异;
B.英语有冠词,汉语没有;
C.英语多用代词,相较汉语;
D.英语介词丰富,汉语介词很少;
E.英语多用关联词语,汉语主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子,强调意念的连贯性;F.汉语多用助词表示各种语气。

例如:
a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor —and I tell you , rich is better.
富裕也罢,贫穷也罢,我都经历过。

说实话,富裕当然胜过贫穷。

(省略关联词和已出现过的作主语的人称代词)
b.活到老,学到老。

One is never too old to learn .(增加人称代词)
c.该地区已没什么城乡差别。

There is little difference between town and country in this region .(增加介词)
d.Is more growth really better ?
经济发展得越快越好吗?(增加语气词)
(二)词义增减词
A.很多情况下,英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分,并非一一对应;
B.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽,英译汉时要采取增词法,使原文隐含的
意思得以充分表达;
C.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄,英译汉时要则要采用减词法。

例如:
a.It is pointed out that the sheer(纯粹的,一味地)increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society
in the form(方式,形式)of pollution ,crowding , proliferation(激增)of wastes that need disposal ,
and debilitating(使虚弱,使衰弱)psychological and social effects.
一味地追求产品数量的增长
已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。

比如环境污染,交通拥挤,需特殊处理废物的激增,
以及由此造成的负面的心理及社会影响。

(增词法)
b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness ,
and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness.
对于普通人而言,治疗嫉妒的唯一方法是快乐,然而困难在于,嫉妒本身就是快
乐的巨大障碍。

(减词法)
例如:
a.其经营活动多限于市场调查、信息沟通和采购销售等。

Such an office’s activities might be limited to market research , communications, sales and purchasing .(减词法)
b.看粮食,要看中国的农业;看农业,首先要看市场。

To have a better understanding of the food situation in China we must take a full view of her agriculture ,and to know the agriculture we must first look at the food market.(增词法)
A.英语中大量使用抽象名词,概括力强,词义范围宽;
B.汉语相对比较具体,以实表虚,以具体表抽象;
C.英译汉时,通常需要把抽象概念具体化,或添加表示某种范畴的名词,如:
状况、情形、场面、性质、结果、方式、做法等;
D.汉译英时,把整个名词词组译成英语中的抽象名词即可。

例如:
a.After all preparations were made , the plane took off .
一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就起飞了。

b.Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance
between teaching and researching .
与此同时,各学校正采取行动改变教学与科研之间不平衡的现状。

例如:
a.她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后,主动伸出援助之手。

After her friends heard about her family difficulties , they offered her a helping hand.
b.前怕狼后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。

“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind”will not produce cadres.。

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