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1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence
It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
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What are the three basic syntactic relations?
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1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds:
relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence
To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations.
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What is the relation of co-occurrence?
Is the relation syntagmatic or paradigmatic?
Chapter Four From Word to Text
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Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations (组合关 系)observed by F. de Saussure.
They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations.
The boy kicked the ball
NP1
NP2
Subject
Object
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Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.
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What is positional relation? What are the other names for it? What happens if the word order is changed?
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1.1 Relations of Position
For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause.
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Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal来自一个地区的 classifications) to classify languages in the world:
SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does
For example,
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The boy kicked the ball
*Boy the ball kicked the *The ball kicked the boy
The teacher saw the students The students saw the teacher
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It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
strong man The tallest boy smiles.
The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
The ______ smiles. man boy girl
pretty girl yesterday.
He went there last week. the day before.
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This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic聚合 Relations by Hjemslev.
not mean that SVO is the only possible wons of substitutability?
What are the other names?
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1.2 Relation of Substitutability