. (g L-1 range)
.
The chemostat : a tool to mimic nature and to study influence of carbon limitation on cell physiology
Nature
Particulate matter
(POC) DOC –Sugars –Amino acids –Fatty acids –Aromatics (Rate limiting)
micro-organisms

To solve practical problems in several
environments such as wastewater,
contaminated soil, deep-sea, etc.

These studies are conducted with the classical
Ribose
Batch
Ribose Galactose Lactate Threonine Glutamine Tryptophane
Chemostat
Galactose Lactate Threonine Glutamine Tryptophane Glycine Glutamate Aspartate Proline
• 提供了从可生物降解的、 还原的化合物中维持能量产
生的新机会
• 细菌利用阳极作为电子受 体 • 电子经由一个电阻器流向 阴极，在那里电子受体被还 原 • 生成以二氧化碳为主的废
气

.宏基因组学通过直接从环境样品包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及 其群落功能.
20% meat: theoretical 680 m3 actual 1200-1500 m3
Vegetarian: theoretical 250 m3 actual 500-1000 m3
Situation 2000
Situation 2025
Multi-billion investments

Regional level: River basins, water for ecosystems Global level: Virtual water trade （虚拟水贸易）

Great challenges in the water area
Good water quality for a growing population Water infrastructure (distribution & collection)

Human Genome Project
Laboratory versus nature
POC Complex carbon pool Physiology ? Kinetics ? Pure cultures Single substrates High concentrations Mixed cultures Mixed C-sources at low concentrations (µ g L-1 range)

Overview of environmental microbiology
Frontier research topics Novel drinking water microbiology techniques Application of flow cytometry in environmental microbiology
Distribution between humans and ecosystems
Enough food for all
Solution for water conflicts and fair water share for all

Negative effects
◦ Pathogenic bacteria
◦ Removal of organic carbon
◦ Bio-stability of the water
Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPC)
PCA, R2A, NA
22 - 37 °C
3 - 14 days ca. 30 % error
HPC measures the bacterial cells in a water sample that can multiply and form visible colonies on a specific growth medium in a specific incubation environment
Rule of thumb: 1kg of bread needs 1m3 of water
Animals convert 5 to 15 percent of the energy content of plant material into meat. The average is 10 percent.
Glucose Yeast extract Mannose N-Acetyl-Glucosamine Fructose Succinate
Simultaneous utilisation of mixtures allows Serine Serine Maltose “fast” growth at reduced Maltose concentrations of Acetate Acetate individual carbon sources
Rule of thumb: 10 times more water is needed per unit of energy from meat than from plants
Annual per capita water needs for food to cover 2500 kcal a day
microbiological approach in association with the modern techniques of the molecular biology. For
this purpose a new set of parameters has been
developed to provide an ecological interpretation to the obtained data, in terms of MRM: the range-weighted richness (Rr), the Dynamics (Dy) and the functional organization (Fo)
O2 consumption rate (mmol / L* OD * min)
III Novel Techniques for
Drinking Water Research
2010年我国人均综合需水 量将达到400m3以上
Water requirement in m3 per capita and year for different activities
µ
death predation, wash-out
Laboratory : Chemostat
Rate of carbon feed (F) controls growth rate
spent culture medium
Medium reservoir (C-limiting nutrient)
Sufficient Water stress Scarcity Extreme scarcity
> 1700 m3 1000 - 1700 m3 500 - 1000 m3 < 500 m3
Water needed to produce 1 kg of plant material (dry weight)
Sorghum （高粱） 250 Corn （玉米） 350 Clover （苜蓿） 460 Wheat （小麦） 500 Potatoes （土豆） 636 Cucumber （黄瓜） Alfalfa （紫花苜蓿） Liter Liter Liter Liter Liter 713 Liter 900 Liter
China: 30 billion US$ in next 10 years for wastewater treatment. USA: „Water Infrastructure Now“: Annually plus 23 billion US$ for infrastructure. 200 billion Euro needed in next 10 years, in order to obey current regulations
◦ Taste and odor problems
◦ Biofouling
◦ General public negative perception

Positive effects
◦ Essential function role in drinking water treatment
systems
Exponential phase
D = m = 0.3 h-1
Glycine
Glutamate Aspartate 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
O2 consumption rate (mmol / L* OD * min)
Protocatechuate
◦ 微生物降解 (biodegradation) ◦ 微生物生态(microbial ecology) ◦ 微生物材料 (bio-material) ◦ 微生物能源 (bio-energy)
II Frontier Research Topics