1.What are the main features of human language?A. arbitrariness: It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsB. productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users.C. duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is astructure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But they can be grouped andregrouped into a larger number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level ofthe system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinitenumber of sentences.D. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations ofthe speaker.E. cultural transmission: While human capacity fro language has a genetic basis, the details of anylanguage system have to be taught and learned.2.How are the English consonants classified? What are the phonemes in each category?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.a. Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.b. Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottalc. Voicing:3.How are the English vowels classified? What are the phonemes in each category?A. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front, central, backB. According to openness of the mouth: close, semiclose, semiopen, openC. According to the shape of the lips: rounded, unrounded4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.1. Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ], then the next sound must be vowel.2. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.For example, the [ i: ] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i: ] sound is followed by a nasal [ n ] or [ m ].3. Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. while in its corresponding form signature, the [ g ] is pronounced. Because the deletion rule is at work: Delete a [ g ] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.5.Explain with examples the main rules of word formation.1. Derivation (派生): new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation.“singer”from”sing”“writer”from”write”2. Compounding: stringing words together →“headstrong”, “without”3. Coinage: a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose→”walkman”,” Kodak”4. Clipping: the abbreviation of longer words or phrases→expo—expositionQuake--earthquake5. Blending: combining parts of other words. →smog-smoke+fog; motel—motor+hotel6. Acronym: derive from the initials of several words. →IT—information technologyISBN—international standard book number7. Back-formation: new words can be coined already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought tobe part of the old word. →to beg (derived from beggar);to baby-sit (derived from baby-sitter)8. Functional shift: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.→N.-V. to bug; V.-N. a hold9. Borrowing: when different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one languageto another.→exit, beer6.Draw the labeled tree diagrams of the two interpretations of the sentence The boy saw the man with a telescope.1) The boy saw the man with a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.2) The boy saw the man with a telescope.The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.7.Explain with examples the major sense relations from a lexical perspective.1. Synonymy (同义) refers to the sameness of close similarity of meaning.Eg. Dialectal synonyms: autumn—fallStylistic synonyms: dad—daddy2. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: accomlic? &collaboratorCollocational synonyms: accuse…of—charge withSemantically different synonyms: amaze—astound3. Polysemy(一词多义): The same one word may have more than one meaningTable: 1. a piece of furniture2. the food that is put on a table3. a level area, a plateau4. Homonymy(不同词，意义或拼写一样): words have different meanings have the same form.Different words are identical in sound or spelling.Homophones: red/read Homographs: lead/i:/ /e/ Complete homonyms5. Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specificword.Superordinate: flower. Hyponyms: rose Co-hyponymsAntonymy: word are opposite in meaningGradable antonyms: old—youngComplementary antonyms: alive—deadRelational opposites: teacher—pupil8.What are the four maxims of the CP in pragmatics? Explain with examples how flouting thesemaxims give rise to conversational implicature?1. The maxim of quantity1.make your contribution as informative as required.2.do not make your contribution more informative than is requiredeg. A: When is Susan’s farewell party?B: Sometime next month.The implicature that results is “I don’t wish to tell you when the party is going to be held”.2. The maxim of quality1.don’t say what you believe to be false2.don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidenceeg. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I’m afraid I have got a class on Sunday.B’s implied message is “I don’t want to join you”.3. The maxim of relation: Be relevanteg. A: How did the math exam go today?B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.The implicature is “I don’t wish to talk about the math exam”.4. The maxim of manner1.avoid obscurity of expression2.avoid ambiguity3.be brief4.be orderlyeg. A: Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.The implicature is “I don’t want the kids to know we’re talking about setting them some icecream.”。