I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for nothing! (张培基，2002：74) I have come to this world stark naked, and in the twinkling of an eye, I am to go back as stark naked as ever. However, I am taking it very much to heart: why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing at all? 张培基，2007



Additive (typically marked with “and”); Adversative (marked with words such as “but”); Causal (marked with “because” or “so,” etc.); Temporal (markers such as “and” or “and then”).
Halliday & Hasan： 衔接是一种非结构性语篇意义关系,它侧重于 句间不同成分之间的语义联系。 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五 种类型: 指代（reference） 替代（substitution） 省略 (ellipsis) 连接 (conjunction) 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）
语篇翻译与单句翻译的区别
语篇翻译与单句翻译在翻译标准与技巧等 方面有许多共同之处。 但语篇翻译还别具自己的特色，即它拥有 一个范围较大的舞台——语境。
英汉语篇的异同
汉语与英语虽然属于不同的语系，但在篇章结构上 二者有异也有同。 英语是主语显著(subject-prominent)的语言，它 突出的是主语，除省略句外，每个句子都必须有 主语。 汉语则是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言，它 突出的是主题而非主语。汉语篇章中某些句子的 主语有的可以省略，有的必须省略，否则读起来 别扭；有的却比较朦胧，难以一眼看清，需要译 者自去寻找。认清这一点差别对篇章的英汉互译 颇为重要。
1．指代关系
Reference
指代关系指词与所代表的事物、行为、 事件及特性之间的关系。 这里所讲的指称仅限于两个语言表达语 之间的一致关系。 代词是语篇中的重要衔接手段。理清代 词的指称关系，在翻译中是至关重要 的。
Personal Reference
我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间（我）也将赤 裸裸的回去罢？但（我）不能平的， ( 我 ) 为 什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？ I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for nothing! (张培基，2002：74)
语篇
语篇是指口头或书面语的一个单位。如一 篇散文、一首诗歌、一次演讲、一份协 议、或其中意思比较完整的段落。以往 翻译方法研究常停留在词和句的层面上， 忽视语篇的整体性。
语篇的特点
与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一 个语义上的整体；换言之，它有表达整体意 义的特点。 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性， 如连接、替代、省略、照应； 在语义逻辑上，全篇通常有手有尾，各句段所反 映的概念或命题具有连贯性，而不是各不相 关的。每个句子都起着一定的承前起后的作 用，句与句、段与段的排列一般都符合逻辑 顺序。
Demonstrative Reference
这(些),那(些)-- to refer to person or objects 这儿,那儿,这里,那里 — to refer to the location in space 这会儿,那会儿— to refer to the location in time 这么,那么,这样,那样 — to refer to quality, state and degree
Reading make a full man; Conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. (F. Bacon: Of Studies)
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人 准确。(王佐良译)
夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和 不要花费很大的力气了；巩固这个胜利， 则是要很长的时间和要花费很大的力气 的事情。 It will not require much time and efforts to win this victory, but to consolidate it will.
2．替代 substitute
替代是用一个语言项目去替换另一个语言 项目。 翻译时应理清语篇中的替代关系，才能根 据英汉不同的语法结构，灵活转换，准 确表达原文的意思。
Type of substitute
Substitution
He has his own positive opinion on all matters; not an unwise one, usually, for his own ends; and will ask no advice of yours. 它对于所有的事情都有明确的主见。就达到目的 而言，其见解往往并非愚鲁之见；绝不会征求 你的意见。 Here we know that repetition is the phenomena that English tries to avoid but strongly favored by Chinese.
但必须注意的是，尽管东西方文化和思 维方面的差异使英汉两种语言在语篇 衔接手段上不同，英文以形合为主， 汉语以意合为主，但这些差异也是相 对的，英语中有意合，汉语中也有形 合，随着英汉两种语言的频繁接触， 两种语言也在互相影响。 英汉互译时，应根据连词在语篇中上下 文的意思，灵活翻译。
Conjunction
Examples:
Harry is good at making oral presentations and he also writes very well. Harry is good at making oral presentations, but he is terrible with written reports. Harvey is good at making oral presentations, because he took a training program in presentations last year. Harvey gave a good oral presentation, then he ruined his chances with a bad written report.
他小的时候，他妈叫他去买红塘，他买了 白糖回来。 One day, when he was a child, his mother sent him out to buy her some brown sugar, but he returned with some white sugar instead. (张培基,2002:18)(Adversative)
4．连接 conjunction
英文句子中词组、句子之间大多使用连 接词表示相互的逻辑关系，因此，其 句子的构成方式是形合。 汉语句子关系往往是平行的，在句子的 各个成分之间往往没有连词，句子成 分是通过其内在的逻辑、意义关系结 合在一起，因而是意合。
Halliday and Hasan (1976) analyze four major kinds of conjunction clauses in English
一、语篇中的衔接
In Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second-Language Writing, Ulla Connor defines cohesion as “the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences and parts of texts.” These cohesive devices are phrases or words that help the reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones.
第四讲 翻译中语篇的衔接和连贯
Discourse: Cohesion and Coherence
What is discourse?


Language does not normally consist of isolated, unrelated sentences, but instead of collocated, structured, coherent groups of sentences we can call a discourse. Examples of Discourse: written story in a book; someone telling a joke; a conversation between two friends…
Darcy took up a book; Miss Bingley did the same. (J. Austin: Pride and Prejudice) 达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿 起一本书来。(蔡基刚,2003:10)