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中西方数字文化比较与翻译


我国自古以来就有崇尚“六”的观念。考古发现秦始 皇的铜马车皆以“六”及其倍数为度。先秦时期六部儒家 经典称为“六经”或“六艺”,诸子中最著名的阴阳、儒、 墨、名、法、道德总称为“六家”,周代兵书现存六卷, 称为“六韬”,政区分为“六乡”,周礼有“六典”(治 典、教典、礼典、政典、刑典、事典),管制设有“六 部”,佛教认为,凡人有“六欲”,皇后的寝宫称“六 宫”。
一、数字模糊语义的翻译原则 形象性原则
英汉语中数字与其他词组合成短语时,一般都具有 一定的形象意义,如汉语中的“七嘴八舌”、“千军万 马”、“万水千山”等;英语中的“to kill two birds with one stone”、“A stitch in time saves nine”、“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”。根据民族文 化传统合语言表达习惯,翻译时或保留形象,或转换成 译语中人们熟悉的形象,有时出于无奈只得舍弃形象, 而选择恰当词语译出整个词语的喻义。如: 胡正卿心头“十五个吊桶打水,七上八下”。 Hu Cheng-ching was very much upset by this, and his heart was beating like fifteen buckets being hurriedly lowered into a well for water- eight going down while seven were coming up. (Jackson 译)
The Comparison of Number Culture both in English and Chinese and their translations
陈 晓 王文婷 郑清霞 常海航
“八”的文化对比分析
In the western culture, 8 is also regarded as a lucky number. The ancient Greek think 8 stands for bumper harvest, achievements and longevity. The story of Noah's Ark, according to Genesis, God has observed man's evil behaviors and flooded the earth. Only 8 survived the disaster by Noah's Ark. In the Gospel (《福音书》), Jacob, Jesus’ brother, had 8 children and so 8 means fertility (多子多孙).
一、数字模糊语义的翻译原则
民族性原则
不同的民族有着不同的文化背景和语言表达习惯, 数字的模糊用法一般具有较鲜明的民族性,它是历史上 民族文化长期积淀的结果,翻译时应遵循各自的民族心 理和语言习惯,对某些数字进行必要的改译转换,以利 译文读者的理解。
There were 60 million Americans at home working to turn out the thousge war. 美国国内有六千万人在生产成千上万种军需品。
在我国,南方经济发达区的粤语区的“八”与“发”谐音,广东人 特别喜欢数字八,以求生财之道,发财致富。现在对八的爱好已经风靡 全国,各行各业,男女老少对“八”可以说是特别偏爱,几乎达到迷信 的程度。电话号码喜欢有八,汽车牌照最好有八,有的商店取名“518” ( “我要发” 的谐音) 中国人把八个人坐的桌子叫“八仙桌”,功名显赫的人要坐“八抬 大轿”,以显“八面威风”,会办事的人总是 “八面玲珑”,关系亲 密的朋友称为“八拜之交”。
在中国古代,“五”指金、木、水、火、土; 与此同时,“五”也与中国传统文化密切相关, 诸如五行、五福临门、五方保护神、五湖四海等 等。进一步说,用数字“五”代表东西南北中五 方,是中国一项非常悠久的文化传统。4200年前 帝禹时代文献《五藏山经》,就把天下分为《南 山经》、《西山经》、《北山经》、《东山经》、 《中山经》五大区域,中华民族的“中”、中国 的“中”,中国人的“中央”观念,都源自于这 种方位观。现在,北京奥运吉祥物选择五个福娃, 既可与奥运会标志五环相呼应之外,又符合中国 人口众多、历史悠久、文化丰富的国情。
“六”的文化对比分析
Six in English is an unpopular number, which is viewed as a sinister o men . For i n st an c e, at s i x e s an d sevens(乱七八糟的;糊涂的;迷茫的), hit sb. for six or knock sb. six(给敌人/某 人以毁灭性的打击), six of the best(以 藤鞭击六下——学校的一种惩罚手段), six penny (不值钱), etc.
7在汉语中却是被人们常常忌讳的数字,“七与丧事有 关”自古汉人对去世的人每七日祭拜一次,直到七七四十九 天为止“;给人送礼时忌7件或7样;饭桌上的菜决不能是7 盘;人们挑选良辰吉日不挑7,17,或者27。
7也有神圣的意蕴,古人将日、月、金星、木星、水星、 火星、土星归纳为“七政”;又如东、南、西、北各有7位 神灵,合称二十八宿,玉皇大帝有7个仙女,太上老君炼丹 需要七七四十九天。佛教认为,万事由地、水、火、风、 空、识、根七种本原生成;佛寺由七种厅堂组成;佛塔共 有7层,所以有救人一命胜造七级浮屠;释加牟尼面壁七天 则修成正果,他在菩提树下冥思四十九天则佛身显现。
英语数字“the thousand and one”如直译成汉语, 没有夸张或比喻的含意,只能生产“1001”的确切数 字 概念,改译成“成千上万”则符合汉语表达习惯。
一、数字模糊语义的翻译原则
通俗性原则
在英汉两种语言中,都有大量的含有模糊数字的习语短语(成 语、俗语、谚语、歇后语等),它们言简意赅,通俗易懂,读之赏 心,听之悦耳,是人们长期反复使用的流行语句,且有定式。翻译 时特别需注意用词通俗,语句简炼,易于上口,语义明确,对其中 数字的处理,或取或舍,应以习惯性为准则,不应强求数字的字面 对等。如: 接二连三 one after another 颠三倒四 incoherent; disorderly 五光十色 multicoloured; of great variety 乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens 九死一生 a narrow escape from death 万无一失 no risk at all 一不做,二不休 In for a penny, in for a pound
“七”的文化对比分析
• The number seven exerts a great influence on the western culture. In the westerners’ eyes,seven is a mysterious and sacred number. • According to the Christianity,God creates all the creatures in seven days. Hebrews often use seven while swearing, such as “to come under the influence of seven things". • In Greece, there are seven sages of Greece (希腊七贤) and the seven Bishops (七大主教); • In the western religion, seven is used in generalization. • The Seven Virtues(七大美德 ): Faith,hope, charity, justice, fortitude, prudence, temperance; • The seven deadly sins(七宗罪): Pride, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, avarice, sloth; • The Seven Gifts of the Spirit(神的七大礼物); • The Seven Heavens(七重天); • The Seven Sacraments (七大圣礼); • Seven Champions(基督教的七大守护神).
古代把亲属关系归纳为“六亲”,天地四方合称为 “六合”或“六幽”。妇女怀孕也称为“身怀六甲”,中 医将人的心、肺、肝、肾、脾、胆称为“六神”(六神花 露水,六神无主)。
民间有“六六大顺”的吉语,农历初六、十六、二十 六被视为举行婚礼的吉日。
“五”的文化对比分析
Friday has long been considered extremely unlucky because it has some bad associations which came from mythology, tale of the Bible, and the customs and habits. According to the Bible, the Lord God created the first man, Adam. Then he took a rib from Adam's body and out of it created the first woman, Eve. It was said that Adam was created on a Friday and it was on Friday that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, and on a Friday they died. Jesus Christ was persecuted on Friday. Friday was also the common day in England for executing criminals, for which it was sometimes known as Hanging Day.
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