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英汉翻译-8 汉英翻译技巧

英汉翻译理论与实践 A Translation Course: English-Chinese 汉英翻译基本原理和技巧
主讲人:张鹏
汉英语言对比
1. 2. 3. 4. 汉英语体对比 汉英词义对比 汉英句法对比 汉英篇章对比
汉语句子多采用“意合法” 英语句子采用“形合法”
• • • • • • • • 秘书今天没来,她生病了。 The secretary is absent from work today because she is ill. 她们正打架,不巧被我撞见了。 I happened to be present when they were having a fight. 好不容易才说服她照我的想法办。 With some difficulty I brought her to my way of thinking. 酒不醉人人自醉。 It is not that the wine intoxicates(使喝醉) the drinker but that the drinker gets himself drunk.
1. 我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。 Let’s find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Let’s find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk. 2. 箱子里已经没有地方了。 There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. 你希望留在部队还是到地方上去? Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?
汉语: 表达上趋向于动态 英语: 则更具有静态特征
我倒了一杯茶给他喝。 I offered him a cup of tea. 他拿着枪,绕着屋子巡走。 He walked around the house with a gun. 游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道上行进。 The people paraded in the street, flowers and banners in their hands. • 解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。 • The best way to solve the problem is investigation. • • • • • •
2) 词义相异 词义相异有两种情况: 第一种是指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异。 •松、梅、竹(岁寒三友,蕴含傲然风雪的品德)然而英语中 pine trees, plum blossoms, bamboo没有上述蕴含意义。 •“羊”在古汉语中就是吉祥的意思,如“三羊开泰”(Three Rams Bring Bliss) 。Ram 在英语中除表示“公羊”外,还表 示“撞击装置”。 第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异。 •a white lie 无恶意的谎言 •white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡 •white wedding 圣洁的婚礼
词的选择
1、确定词义
•他的英语水平比我的高。 •He knows more English than I. •各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 •Governors at all levels should improve their art of leadership. •要奋发图强,把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平。 •We must work hard to raise the military and political quality of our army to a new height.
3) 词义空缺 词语意义的空缺是文化现象空缺的结果。翻译是需要用音译 ,意译或其他方式表示其义。 •糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children’s favorite food in winter •特困生 the most needy students •乌纱帽 an official post •站票 standing-room-only tickets •钱先生周岁时“抓周”抓了一本书,因此得名“钟书”。 When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Therefore his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu (=book lover).
(2) 注意词的语体色彩 • 同义词之间的差别,不仅表现在词义方面,而且也表现在语体色彩方 面,例如: • 别了,司徒雷登 • Farewell, Leighton Stuart! 译文选用了farewell一词。若用goodbye,则不能表现出原文所具有的特 殊语气和轻蔑口吻。 • 禁止赌博。 • Gambling is prohibited. 原文“禁止”的语体色彩较为正式,故译作prohibit. (对比ban, forbid) • 这小伙子干活真带劲。 • This young fellow does his work with vim. 这里的“带劲”是口语体,译者注意了这一点,相应地也用了口语词 vim表达。(对比vigor)
2.汉英词义对比
词是具备形、音、义,可以独立运用的最小语言单位,也是 最小的语法单位。词具有指称意义和蕴涵意义,因而难译。 英汉词汇意义的对应程度,大致有以下三种情况: 1)词义相符 学生(student) 环境保护(environmental protection) 在寻找语义相符的对应语时,易犯逐词翻译的毛病,找到假对 应词,如: •学习知识 learn knowledge (acquire knowledge) ; •盐水 salt water (salt solution)
英语: 表达更具有客观特征 汉语: 表达上趋向于个人化
• • • • • • • • • • • • What has happened to you? 你出了什么事儿啦? An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到一个主意。 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。 Not a sound reached our ears. 我们没有听到任何声音。 A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。 The truth finally dawned on her. 她最终明白了真相。
英语: 表达更具有被动特征 汉语: 表达上趋向于主动特征
• A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home. • 几年前人们还以为,观众居然能够打电话要求在自己家里 的电视屏幕上播出节目是一种稀罕的事情。
(3) 注意词的政治含义 • “农民”:peasant 和farmer都可以和汉语的“农民”或“农夫”相 对应。但是这个词的含义却有差别。Farmer本指农场的经营者或所 有者。现在也可指以耕种为目的而租入土地的人。Peasant指住在农 村中的小农和以耕种土地为生的劳动者。英美国家常用farmer指一般 农民,而我们常用peasant指一般农民,并与landlord相对而言。 • “侵略”:invasion 和aggression都是汉语“侵略”的对应词。 Invasion指军事入侵,而aggression的含义范围较广,可指政治、军 事、经济、文化各方面。 • 打得赢就打,打不赢就走。 Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot. 比较: Fight when you can win, run away when you cannot.
7. 请别客气. Please don’t be so polite. Please make yourself at home. 8. 他客气而冷淡地接待了我们. He received us politely but coldly. He received us with cold politeness.
英语: 表达更具有间接特征 汉语: 表达更具有直接特征
I couldn’t feel better. 我感觉好极了。 I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。 He can’t wait to see. 他很想尽快和你见面。 If you have a car,you are independent of trains and buses. • 如果你有小汽车,就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。 • • • • • • •
2、表达得体
(1) 注意词的广义与狭义 英语中有不少同义词的词义有广、狭之区别,运用范围也就各不相同。 例如: • 农业是国民经济的基础。 • Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. • 农林牧副渔结合的方针 • the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery. • 他从不喝酒。 • He never touches alcohol. • 原文“酒”是指一切酒类,但如果表示葡萄酒应译作 wine,表示烈 性酒又需译作spirit。
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