企业信贷风险管理分析
•6
Credit Policy, Guidelines and Procedures
Manual 信贷政策,指南及程序 手册
Key business objectives 主要业务目标 Structure and Responsibility 结构及职责 Economic Outlook 经济预期 Sectoral Analysis 行业分析 Business Strategy and Focus 业务战略和重点 Risk Assessment and Credit Appetite 风险评估和信贷
Attribute:特征 Independent 独立性 No bottom-line responsibility 没有盈利责任 Professional 专业性 Firm and fair 坚定和公正
•3
STRUCTURE AND APPROVAL PROCESS结构和认证程序
Board of Directors 董事会
适当的目标和措施及控制
The Line takes primary (or joint) responsibility of the credit decisions
前线部门对贷款决定负主要(或共同)责任
Burden of proof on the Line 证明应贷款责任在于前线部门
Never feel embarrassed to ask “dumb” questions
不用担心问“愚笨”的问题
•2
CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT 信贷风险管理
Prerequisite:先决条件
Senior management’s support (positive intervention?) 高层管理的支持(积极干预?) People (technical capability, integrity and inter-personal skills) 人员(技术能力、人格和人际交往能力) Organization and System 组织及系统
偏好 Lending Guidelines 贷款指南 Credit Products, Procedures and Advice 信贷产品、程
序和建议
•7
CREDIT POLICY信贷政策
Market positioning and risk appetite 市场定位和风险偏好
Return 回报
和一线职员) Specialization of staff 员工专业化 Effectiveness of internal control system 内部控制系统的功效 Quality of service (e.g. turnaround time) 服务的质量(例如:报
废项目时间) Others (fraud prevention etc.) 其他(防范欺诈等)
Risk 风险
Private Bank
私人银行
Commercial Bank Subprime Lender
商业银行
次级贷款人
-Large corporate 大型企业
-Middle market 中端市场
-Small business 小型企业
-Consumer 消费者
•8
MARKET SEGMENTATION – CREDIT TOOLS 市场细分—信贷工具
企业信贷风险管理分析
2020/3/22
CREDIT CULTURE 信贷文化
Risk averse given Bank’s high gearing and thin margin 倾向低风险,由于银行高负债和低利息差
Proper goals and measures with controls
Business Banking – Small business – Scoring 商务理财-小型企业-评分
•5
Structure and Account Cycle 结构及客户信贷周期
Head of CRM信贷风险管理部
Policy/政策 Risk Monitoring Approval审批 风险监督
Recovery追偿
Loans 贷款
Review 回顾 Review回顾
Unhealthy loans 不良贷款
Market Risk/Credit Risk 市场风险/信用风险 Market Risk/Credit Risk 市场风险/信用风险
Approval 审批
Approval审批
Credit 信用
•4
ALTERNATIVES选择
Centralized vs Decentralized集权/分权 Individual vs Committee (composition and decision making
行政总裁(总部) GHQ CEO
APH CEO 行政总裁(亚太区)
信贷总经理 GM Credit
AMH GM总经理 (香港及中国大陆)
CCO首席信贷官
Line前线部门
HD Credit 信贷部门主管
Concurrence 认同
Approval 审批
Country Risk/Bank Risk 国家风险/银行风险
Corporate Banking - Large corporate - Judgemental (plus Rating, KMV, MRA) 公司金融-大型公司-主观判断(加评分,KMV,ng – Medium sized corporate – Judgemental 公司金融-中型企业-主观判断
process)个人/委员会(债务组成及决策过程)
Factors to consider: 需要考虑的因素
Individual / Collective Decision / Responsibility 个人/集体决策/责任 Senior management’s trust 高层管理的信任 Quality of staff (at centre and in the line) 员工的素质 (管理人员