Examples:
1. That is our policy and that is our declaration. —— W. Churchill 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。 2. First, we make clear what is doing the travelling —— a car, a bus, a plane or whatever it may be. 首先，我们要搞清旅行工具，例如小汽车、 首先，我们要搞清旅行工具，例如小汽车、公 共汽车、飞机或别的可用工具。 共汽车、飞机或别的可用工具。
Examples:
1. A dialect is known by every linguist in this room. 有一种方言这间屋子里的每个语言学家都懂得 有一种方言这间屋子里的每个语言学家都懂得。 这间屋子里的每个语言学家都懂得。 比较：在这房间里的每位语言学家都懂一种方言。 比较：在这房间里的每位语言学家都懂一种方言。 2. You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear. 你吃的粮食不是你自己种的 你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的 你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。 不是你自己种的， 也不是你自己做的。 比较：你不种…… 比较：你不种……
Chapter 4 英汉对比与翻译（二） 英汉对比与翻译（
Contents:
1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合 形合与意合) 形合与意合 2. Complex vs. Simplex (简约与繁复 简约与繁复) 简约与繁复 3. End-weight vs. Top-heavy 4. Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominent 5. Static vs. Dynamic(静态与动态 静态与动态) 静态与动态 6. Impersonal vs. Personal 7. Practice
thnent vs. Topic-prominent 主语突出与主题突出） （主语突出与主题突出）
In an English sentence, prominence is usually given to the subject. There are five basic sentence patterns in English: SV, SVC, SVO, SVO1O2, SVOC, all with SV as its essentials. On the other hand, a Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion, so it is based on the thought pivot.
3. 文章做到极处，无有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到极处，无有 文章做到极处，无有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到极处， 他异，只有本然。 他异，只有本然。 —— 洪应明：菜根谭 洪应明： When a piece of writing reaches the acme of perfection it is not because it contains some miraculous ingredient, but because it is written in exactly the right way. When a man refines his moral character to the point of perfection he does so not with the aid of any magic formula but by letting his pure inborn mature shine forth.
★Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them; ★汉语句子以“意合”为特点，它由于没有词形变化、 定语从句和独立主格，连接词和介词也比英语少得 多，所以往往用隐性连贯方法来表示各种语法关系， 句子外形比较松散、自由，注重以神摄形。
examples:
1. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have yet been invented. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树， 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大 象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜， 象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也 不能看见它们。 不能看见它们。
1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合 形合与意合) 形合与意合
★ As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis. ★ Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives; connectives; 英语句子重“形合”．往往用词形变化，连接词、介词、定 语从句和独立主格表示成分之间各种语法关系，句子外形很 严谨；
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2. Complex vs. Simplex (简约与繁复 简约与繁复) 简约与繁复
The English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses. On the other hand, the Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure. They are flowing and simplex, with one clause following the other rather in a line.
3. 普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代已 经到来。 经到来。 The time has come when ordinary people can use electronic computers both in the office and at home. 4. 学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。 学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。 It is important to study English as well as science and technology for our socialist modernization drive.
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3. End-weight vs. Top-heavy (正 正 三角与倒三角) 三角与倒三角
★ In an English sentence, the shorter elements
usually go before longer ones in arrangement order, thus the weight of the sentence is put at the end, and the whole sentence looks like a pyramid. The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite the opposite, where the important elements are often said at the beginning of a sentence. So it looks like an inverted pyramid or triangle.
3. 1978年改革开放开始了。 1978年改革开放开始了 开始了。 The year 1978 saw the beginnings of the reform and opening to the outside world. 4. 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利 从胜利走向胜利。 We have won one victory after another for our cause. Or: A series of victories have been won for our cause.
3.发展体育运动，增强人民体质。 3.发展体育运动 增强人民体质。 发展体育运动， Promote physical culture and build up people’s health. 4.东海缺少白玉床，龙王请来金陵王。 4.东海缺少白玉床 龙王请来金陵王。 东海缺少白玉床， If the Dragon King wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of Jinling, it’s said.
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5. Static vs. Dynamic(静态与动态)
In a simple English sentence or in an English clause, only one verb is used as the predict of the sentence or clause. In a Chinese sentence, a number of verbs can be used as its predicate at the same time, so we may say that the Chinese is rather “dynamic” while the English is “static”.