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Meta-分析的统计学基础

研究显示 – Not all SRs are truly systematic (Petticrew 1999; Jadad 1998) – The quality of SRs are highly variable
(Mulrow 1987; McAlister 1999)
– Cochrane reviews, on average, may be more rigorous and better reported than journal reviews
• The USPSTF recommends screening mammography, with or without clinical breast examination, every 1-2 years for women aged 40 and older.
被动吸烟的危害
• A topic of great debate and controversy for many years • First few epidemiologic studies were published in 1918
Meta - analysis
• 是在系统性综述时为了合并多个独立的 研究结果,所使用的统计方法。 • 可以将针对同一问题的,多个独立的研 究结果进行定量分析。 • 目前,国外文献常常将系统评价与Meta分析交叉使用。 • All systematic reviews are not metaanalyses!
近年Meta分析文献中存在的 主要问题 (2002年到2004年5月)
㈠提供Meta分析流程图 ㈡文献搜索范围 ㈢发表偏倚的说明 ㈣异质性检验执行情况 ㈤敏感度分析
Meta分析流程图
• 仅有2篇文献有进行流程图的描述,这 种情况的发生可能与国内期刊并不要 求等因素有关。
异质性检验执行情况
• 本次调查搜集所得文献中有88.0%的文献 进行了异质性评价。但是其中30.2%的文 献仅仅是提及了异质性评价,说明异质性 评价的重要性并未引起国内研究者的普遍 重视。 • 只有22.0%的国内研究者尝试对异质性来 源进行了解释,相对的大部分的作者都未 进行这个项目。
发表偏倚的说明及评估
• 仅有11.8%的文献提及发表偏倚及偏 倚的评估方法,其中有0.9%的文献采 用失安全系数发进行评价。 • 发表偏倚还有其他的评估方法,如漏 斗图估计、线性回归法估计等,但是 执行情况和失安全系数几乎相同。
因此当你找到所需的系统性 综述时,你有责任去评价它的 质量。
系统性综述与Meta-analyses 的质量评价标准
从均数为1.5,标准差为0.7的正态总体的140次随机抽样结果
Systematic reviews/meta-analyses indexed in PubM0 0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
How to read a systematic review?
• Their meta-analysis revealed that the overall risk of lung cancer among lifelong non-smoking women was 1.24 times higher when their husbands smoked, as compared to those women whose husbands did not smoke.
循证医学与传统医疗实践的四 个重要区别(1992 JAMA)
• 系统收集的证据优于非系统的临床观察 • 以病人终点结局为判效指标的试验优于 仅根据生理学原理制定指标的试验 • 解释医学文献对医生是一项重要技能,有 必要正规学习一些证据的相关通则,以达 到熟练解释的程度 • 医生对病人的个体化评价优于专家意见。
• They concluded that “screening for breast cancer with mammography is unjustified”
The US Preventive Services Task Force reviewed the same set of trials
Recently, a 2001 Cochrane Collaboration review of the same trials concluded that
six of the eight trials were "flawed" or of "poor quality" and that the pooled results from the remaining two better trials did not support a benefit from mammography.
循证医学证据的分级
•一级:所有 RCT 的系统评价 /Meta- 分析。 •二级:单个样本量足够大的RCT。 •三级:设有对照组但未用随机方法分组的 研究。 •四级:无对照的系列病例观察。 • 五级: 专家意见。
系统性综述
• Systematic reviews(系统评价) • 是循证医学重要的手段。 • 是根据某一具体的临床问题,采用系统、 明确的方法收集、选择和评估相关的临 床原始研究,筛选出合格者并从中提取 和分析数据,为疾病的诊治提供科学的 依据。
– 240 SRs from journals: 48% assessed quality (Moher 1999) – 480 SRs in DARE: 52% assessed quality (Petticrew 1999) – 50 SRs on asthma: 28% reported validity assessment criteria (Jadad 2000)
用X线进行乳腺癌筛查 Mammography for breast cancer is an established screening method
• Is screening with mammography justifiable? • Gotzsche & Olsen [Nordic Cochrane Centre] conducted a systematic review in 2000 and updated it in 2001. • They identified 8 large RCTs on this topic, with over 182,000 women randomized
• QUOROM评价标准 (the quality of reporting of Meta-analyses)。 适用于随机对照试验性研究Meta分析 • MOOSE评价标准 适用于观察性研究Meta分析
二、 Meta analysis原理 和基本思想
• 在用样本信息推断总体参数时,是存在 抽样误差的,并且抽样误差的大小与样 本量的大小有关。 • 统计学用抽样分布的理论来描述样本统 计量的变化规律。
从一个均数为1.5,标准差为0.7的正 态总体中进行随机抽样,样本量分别为20, 50,100,200,300,500,1000,不同的 样本量均进行20次抽样,共得到140个样本。 分别计算每个样本的均数,标准差和 标准误。 以样本的均数为横坐标,以样本量为 纵坐标作散点图
• The meta-analysis performed for the USPSTF on the most current published data found that the pooled effect size of the combined trials was sizable and statistically significant: • the summary relative risk (RR) of breast cancer death among women randomized to screening in seven trials that included women older than 50 was 0.77 (95 percent CI, 0.67-0.89).
Meta-分析的统计学基础
王洪源 北京大学公共卫生学院 流行病学与卫生统计学系 why_w@
一、 概

什么是循证医学
•Evidence-based medicine (EBM) •循证医学是在对个体病人制定临床 决策时应基于当前最佳的科学研究 成果。
•循证医学是最佳的证据、临床经验 和病人价值的有机结合。
• The authors found that no trial data were of high quality
– Two were of medium quality, and the rest were poor quality or flawed.
• When the results of the two medium quality trials were combined, the risk ratio was 1.00 (95% CI 0.96, 1.05)
(Mulrow 1987; McAlister 1999)
– However, recent studies show that even Cochrane reviews have methodological problems
(Olsen 2001; Shea 2002)
• Evaluation of quality of primary studies sets systematic reviews apart from traditional reviews • Empiric research shows that not all SRs assess study quality:
Hackshaw et al. conducted a very comprehensive systematic review in 1997
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