非谓语动词一、【知识精讲】(一)非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语非谓语动词的形式:不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。
其中,不定式和动名词能作主语、宾语和表语。
1.不定式和动名词作主语(1)一般来说,这两者作主语时可以互换,但不定式作主语多表示将来或某种特定的情况,而动名词作主语则通常表示一般情况。
它们作主语时,谓语多用单数。
To make/Making money is not the only purpose of our life. 赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的。
(2)为了平衡句子,通常用it 作形式主语,而把不定式短语或动名词短语放在句末。
a. 常用不定式作主语的句型It's difficult/important/necessary for sb. to do sth.It's kind/good/friendly/polite/careless/rude/cruel/clever/foolish/brave of sb. to do sth.b. 常用现在分词作主语的句型It's no good/use/fun doing sth;It's a waste of time doing sth.;It's worthwhile doing sth.2.不定式和动名词作宾语(1)不定式作宾语a. 常接不定式作宾语的动词有decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, afford, happen, wait, threaten等。
We agreed to meet at the school gate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。
b. 动词tell, show, understand, know, explain, teach, learn, advise等常接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。
Please tell me when to start the project. 请告诉我何时开始这个项目。
c. 在动词find, think, consider, feel, make, believe等后,常用it作形式宾语,然后加宾语补足语,最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
(2)动名词作宾语a. 常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)有consider(考虑), suggest, look forward to, admit, delay, fancy(想象,设想), avoid, miss, keep, practise, deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate, imagine, risk, can't help, mind, escape等。
He tried to avoid answering my questions. 他试图对我的问题避而不答。
b. 由“动词+介词”构成的短语,其后跟动名词作宾语,常见的有be/get accustomed to(习惯于), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), get down to(开始着手做), object to(反对), stick to(坚持), give up(放弃)等。
It's time I got down to thinking about that essay. 我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
c. 下列动词(短语)既可以接动名词作宾语,也可以接不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。
mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事;forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做)forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做);regret to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾(未做)regret doing sth. 对做过的事表示后悔(已做);try to do sth. 尽力去做某事try doing sth. 试着做某事;go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事go on doing sth. 继续做原来做的事;remember to do sth. 记着去做某事(未做)remember doing sth. 记着做了某事(已做)3.不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词作表语(1)一般来说,不定式作表语表示该动作发生在将来,故在表示“目的(aim, purpose)、愿望(wish, hope)、梦想(dream)、需求(need)”等名词作主语时,其表语用不定式。
动名词作表语一般用来表示身份、职业等。
My dream is to become a scientist. 我的梦想是要成为一名科学家。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教学。
(2)现在分词作表语说明主语所具有的特征;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。
The speech was inspiring. 这个演讲很鼓舞人心。
The students were greatly inspired. 学生们受到了极大的鼓舞。
(二)非谓语动词作定语1.不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important. 将在会议上讨论的那个问题是非常重要的。
(2)有些名词后大多用不定式作定语,如ability, desire等。
一般来说,如果它们的形容词形式是“be adj. +to do”搭配的话,其名词形式也是如此。
(3)不定式作定语的特殊情况:被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only和not a, the等限定词时,只能用不定式。
Mr Peterson is always the first person to arrive at the training centre. 皮特森先生总是第一个到达训练中心的人。
2.分词作定语(1)现在分词表示主动意义;过去分词一般表示被动意义。
The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的那个小孩是我弟弟。
The frightened child stood there still. 那个吓坏了的小孩站在那里一动不动。
(2)现在分词表示正在进行;过去分词表示状态或完成。
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?A broken cup is lying on the ground. 地上有一只破碎的杯子。
(3)动词不定式的被动式(to be done),现在分词的被动式(being done)和过去分词(done)作定语的区别:动词不定式的被动式强调的是一个即将要发生的被动动作;现在分词一般式的被动式表示一个正在进行的被动动作;过去分词表示发生在过去的被动动作。
The building being built now will be a restaurant. 正在建造的大楼将会是一个宾馆。
The building to be built next year will be a restaurant. 明年即将要建造的大楼将会是一个宾馆。
The building built last year is a restaurant. 去年建造的这座大楼是一个宾馆。
(三)非谓语动词作宾语补足语1.不定式作宾补常见动词:ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage (sb.to do sth.);have(让), notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make (sb. do sth.)与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念:主动关系,强调动作将发生或已经完成。
The teacher encouraged me to study hard.I heard him call me several times.Who would you like to have do the experiment?2.现在分词作宾补常见动词:notice, see, watch, hear, find, have(让), feel, keep, leave (sb./sth. doing)与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念:主动关系,强调动作正在进行,尚未完成。
I found her listening to the radio.He has the machine running all the time.I won't have my students cheating in the exam. (否定句中表示“容忍”)3.过去分词作宾补常见动词:notice, see, watch, hear, find, have(让), feel, keep, leave (sb./sth. done)与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念:被动关系,表示动作已经完成,多强调状态。
We found the village greatly changed.She was surprised that the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again.【归纳拓展】(1)感官动词的宾语补足语表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear, feel, find, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell, see 等词后可以接省去to的动词不定式、现在分词及过去分词作宾语补足语。
常见的句型有(以hear为例):hear sb do sth 听见某人做了某事(表示动作已经完成,强调一个过程)hear sb doing sth 听见某人正在做某事(表示正在进行)hear sth done 听说某事被做(表示已经完成)I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听到她唱了一首英文歌。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed her room yesterday. 昨天经过她的房间的时候,我听见她在唱英文歌。