Alveolar sac
Type II alveolar cell
Type I alveolar cell
capillary
Blood–air Barrier

Alveolar septum
病理学—呼 吸
Alveolar pore (Kohn’s pore) macrophage
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Heart failure cell:
Lobule
Alveolus
Acinus
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Trachea
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Lamina propria Submucosa
Adventitia
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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Brush cell Goblet cell basal cell ciliated cell small granular cell
Definition:
Alveolar macrophages containing hemosiderin are seen in cardiac failure.
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The alveolar spaces contain macrophages which show brownish discoloration of their cytoplasm due to the hemosiderin content .
Pathological Change
• From trachea to bronchi and bronchioles
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Diseases of Respiratory System
1
1
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Anatomy and Histology
• The Upper Respiratory Tract the nose, pharynx and larynx Cricoid cartilage
• The Lower Respiratory Tract the trachea, bronchi and lungs
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Obstructive Lung Diseases
• A group of diseases characterized by limitation of airflow, usually resulting from an increase in resistance from partial or complete obstruction at any level
3）Chronic cor pulmonale 4）Pulmonary Infections:
Community-Acquired — Acute and Atypical pneumonias Tuberculosis — Primary, Secondary 5）Tumor： Lung cancer, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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正 常 肺 组 织
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Diseases of Respiratory System
1）Obstructive Lung Diseases: Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Bronchiectasis Asthma
2）Restrictive Lung Diseases： acute—ARDS ，chronic—Silicosis
Etiology & Pathogenesis
• Chronic irritation by inhaled substances – Cigarette smoking — predisposes to infection
• Interfere with ciliary action • Cause direct damage to epithelium • Inhibit leukocytes function
• Major symptom – dyspnea • Major disorders
– Chronic bronchitis – Emphysema – Bronchiectasis – Asthma
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Chronic Bronchitis
• Definition: a persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years
• The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds • A common disease in middle-aged heavy smokers • May progress to emphysema and chronic cor pulmonale
Chronic Bronchitis
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Trachea & Bronchial tree 病理学—呼 吸
Trachea Bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole
Lobe
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct Alveolar sac
– Air pollutants（SO2, NO2) – Cold air • Microbiologic infections – Recurrent viral infections – Secondary bacterial infections
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Chronic Bronchitis
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0.5-2cm
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Lobule
Pulmon病ar理y 学—呼 吸
vein
Lung
Ter终m末inal br细on支ch气io管le
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Pulmonary artery
Alveolar sac
Pulmonary alveolus