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论课堂沉默

gender-language character,learning style,temperament and personality character,
learning habit.In the aspect of classroom surroundings,we expound classroom
avoid passive classroom silence efficaciously,we classify classroom silence
several species according to the body of classroom silence,function,spontaneity, the location in the conversation and its language character.Then,based on the classification above,we elaborate the function of the classroom silence from the teacher and the pupil aspects respectively.
们进入课堂教学的实际中去重新审视时,我们却发现,在师生的语言交往过
程中,起作用的不仅仅是言语、体态以及声高、音调等因素,而且沉默—— 这种一直被视为交往障碍的独特的语言因素也充斥其中,发挥着十分重要的 作用。并且沉默的语义并不是单义的,需要对其辩证分析。
atmosphere and class size.And in the aspect of culture,we discuss the relation
between pupils’ classroom silence with face—saving consciousness,
authority-opinion,examination culture,social gender role,and the identification
helping pupils form positive self-concept;helping pupils recognize the
importance of classroom intercourse,and building up pupils’capabilities of speaking in public and asking in classroom;treating pupils differently on the basis of the cognition of pupils’cognitive style and personality peculiarity.
handicap and effective intercourse between the teacher and the pupil,and it’S the
muster ofboth meaning generating and meaning dissociating.
For making teachers form the division tO different classroom silence and
The paper explores the cause ofclassroom silence from the teacher,the pupil,
the classroom surroundings and culture factor.In the aspect of teachers,
classroom silence is highly correlated wim teachers’communication style.
is advanced:treating pupils true impartially in classroom intercourse;adopting
much flexible teaching organize form according to the content of the course;
(1anguage),语言学的真正而唯一的对象是抽象的语言的内在系统。o而几 乎在同一时间,俄国语言学家巴赫金(Bakhtin)就提出了针锋相对的主张, 即语言存在的实际是语言交际,是话语,这才是语言的真实生命。然而,其 真知灼见一直到六十年代才开始被人们接受,而自七十年代以来,尤其是现 在,语言学研究的重心也发生了从结构到功能,从语言到言语,从封闭的独 立研究到开放式的综合研究的质的转变。我们感谢结构主义大师们对语言内 部结构及其规范所做的不遗余力的研究的同时,我们同样也应认识到语言研 究的最终目的还是语言的使用,即提高交际的有效性与成功性。正是在这一 主旨的引导下,一门新的学科,交际语言学诞生,交际中的沉默现象也就进 入到语言学研究的视域。
teachers’pursuit to democratic,exoteric,compound teaching style;forming
mutual confident,equal and harmonious relation between teachers and pupils,
and disintegrating teachers’authority;building favorable classroom atmosphere;
从一般的人际交往走向课堂教学,随着交际语言学的发展,教学言语方 面的研究也成为教学论研究的一个重要组成,其中对教学言语的内涵及特 点、教学言语的社会功能、语用原则以及教学言语的语体和表达方式等都有
比较深入的研究,并最终促成了一门新的学科——教学言语学。然而,当我
①范志燕.沉默言语交际[J].山东师大外国语学院学报,2001,(1):23

论课堂沉默
“言而当,知也;默而当,亦知也;故知默犹知言也。”
——《苟子·非十二子》


沉默,作为一种常见的社会现象,它与言说共同实现了人类的交际。然
而沉默现象却常常被人们忽视,并被赋予贬义——言语的缺乏,交际的障碍。
在语言学中对沉默现象的研究是比较晚的,对20世纪的语言学研究作一个 简单的回顾,我们发现,现代语言学的开山鼻祖索绪尔(Ede Saussure)及 其创立的结构语言学说,牢牢地统治着整个语言学界长达半个世纪之久。其 学说的精髓及信条是:在千变万化的言语(parole)中确立永恒不变的语言
默的关系。 在对课堂沉默分类与寻因的基础上,就正确对待课堂沉默从四个方面展
开论述。首先讨论了现实课堂教学中教师对课堂沉默的几种误解:课堂沉默 是对课堂教学的否定,课堂教学中学生无权沉默和忽视课堂沉默。其次分析 了教师对待自身课堂沉默的两个原则:适切原则和适度原则。然后论述了正 确对待学生课堂沉默对教师提出的要求:课堂交往中,真正平等的对待每一 位学生:根据课程内容采取相对灵活的教学组织形式;教师民主的、开放的、 复合型教学风格的追求:形成互信、平等、和谐的师生关系,消解教师权威; 营造良好的课堂氛围:帮助学生形成积极的自我观念;使学生认识到课堂参 与、课堂互动的重要性,锻炼学生的“公开说话”和课堂发问能力:在对学 生认知风格、性格特点识别的基础上,区别对待。最后,讨论了课堂沉默如
teaching organization form,teaching style,teachers’expectation and aggrandizement to pupils,and the relations between the teacher and the pupil.In
the aspect of pupils,classroom silence is correlated with pupils’self-concept,
and scene dependence decide its dual character:Silence may be the handicap of
communication and it can also express much abundant meanings.Classroom
silence alSO has its dual character:Classroom silence iS the muster of both the
曲阜师范大学 硕士学位论文 论课堂沉默 姓名:刘向前 申请学位级别:硕士 专业:课程与教学论 指导教师:李如密
20050401
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
摘要
沉默,同言说一样,是人类交际的手段之一,两者在本质上都是一种符 号。但沉默的模糊性和情境依赖性特征决定了它的两面性:沉默既可以是交 际的障碍,又可以表达十分丰富的语义。课堂沉默同样具有两面性,它是师 生问有效交往和交往障碍的集合,是意义生成和意义游离之域。
Finally,we discuss how does classroom silence walk up to art ambit:classroom silence qua teaching tact.
Key words:classroom silence;classifying;function;reason;tactics
classroom silence.SecondlN two principles of pertinence and moderation are
discussed.Then,several request to teachers in treating pupils’classroom silence
to tradition culture.

To approaching classroom silence correctly,the paper carry out its exposition with four aspects on the basis of classification and exploring the reasons for classroom silence.First of all,several teachers’misconceptions in reality classroom is discussed:classroom silence denying classroom teaching, pupils having no right to be silence in classroom,and the teacher ignoring
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