第二章词法翻译词法翻译即根据“表达通顺”的需要在词类层次进行的各种处理，包括词性（类）转换、增词或减词、重复或省略、正译或反译、抽象化和具体化等等方法，以达到“表达通顺”之目的，此类方法，大多属于“此路不通，另辟蹊径”。

第一节词类转译词类转译又叫词性转换。

翻译过程中，为了句子通顺的需要，有时需改变原文的词性，不必也不可拘泥于原文的词性：即不能追求词性的对等。

一、转译成动词：1.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.2.The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.3.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.lions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.5.It was a very informative meeting.6.This pupil is a good writer.7.I am no drinker, nor smoker.8.I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.9.Rockets have found their application for the exploration of the universe.10. Arrogance and complacency turned out to be his ruin.11. The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.12. Ours is a policy for peace.13. Those Mexicans were great workmen. (jinghao: P.107)14. The Bench was nothing to me but an insensible blunderer.15. He is not an originator, but merely a calculator.二、转译成名词：1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.2. To them, he personified the absolute power.3. It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the conference.4. This instrument is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.6. This problem is no more important than that one.7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.8. Stevenson is eloquent and elegant—but soft.9. Because of Einstei n’s theory, scientists never regarded again regarded the world as they had before.10. The knowledge of how to communicate in an original, amusing, and spontaneous manner todelight the audience may be of importance to a would-be lecturer.三、转译成形容词。

1. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.2. It is editorially reported that the conference was a great success.3. I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.(Zhang: P.56-57)4. She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded living room and into the privacy of the library.5. Boys are supposed to think differently from girls.6. He became more surprised at the singularity of the stranger’s appearance.7. She wisely determined to give it up. (Jinghao: 111-113)8. This particular bit of Iceland was also heavily populated.9. Nobody came and went. In the solitude of the dark winter night, there was nowhere to come and go.10. The simplicity and cheerfulness of her nature, her contented and grateful spirit, were a recommendation to everybody.四、转译成副词：汉语中副词在句子中多充当修饰语，修饰动词、形容词和其它副词，因而从英语其它短语转译成汉语副词的，往往是相关整个短语整体转换，而不是孤立转换。

1. What he said at the meeting was sheer nonsense.2. People against the plan were in a clear minority.3. Can you give an exact interpretation of this sentence?4. He had a careful study of the map before starting off.5. It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. (谭卫国：147)6. For a clearer picture of what the student knows, most of teachers use another kind of examination in addition to objective tests. They use “essay”tests, which require students to write long answers of broad, general questions.7. Companies should strive to convince consumers that the benefits of an online data-collection program outweigh its intrusiveness (meaning: annoyance). （张春柏：p.99）8. I am taking the liberty of sending you these lines, hoping you will be good enough to publish them under your own name.9. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. (张培基：p.55)10. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two politicalrevolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. (庄绎传2002：p.30, 252)综合练习：1. The computer works with high calculating speed, high stability, and low consumption.2. He has surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.3. The significance of red-light running is magnified by its high visibility.4. He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.5. Two days later, I received a note from him saying he was impressed by my credentials, liked my answers to his questions and would probably invite me for additional interview. (杨立民III：P.107)6. It was not until about 1600 BC when the chariot was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour.So impressive was this invention, so difficult was it to exceed this speed limit, that nearly 3 500 years later, when the first mail coach began operation in England in 1784, it averaged a mere 10 mph. (大学英语精读III. Unit 10)7. In a major study, psychologist Martin E.P. Selgman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed the sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20 more.Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10-percent more insurance than did the average representatives. (研究生英语精读教程（下）：P.3)8. What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed and even assuming it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leapfrog into leadership in entirely new technology or whether it should take the softer opinion of merely catching up with the industrialized countries. (中译：99-5-23-24)9. If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret. It may help you to remember the French writer Colette’s advice: There are times when you need to “put a smile on your philosophy of life”. When that philosophical smile is warm, it is often contagious.( (中译：98-3-13-14)10. Check the list of members, and roster of events of every organization you might join. Do not be afraid to ask tough questions about any group’s strength and reputation.11. When, for no apparent reason, all conversation in a room suddenly comes to a halt and everyone fails to come up with something appropriate to say, a painful silence develops.12. So take some of that extra time you might have spent in a health club or gym and give it over to the arts.13. We have acquired a keen sense of the diversity, dynamism, and progress of China under your policies of reform and opening to the outside world.14. At last, he whispered a hurried good-bye to his host and darted toward the door. (张培基：p.57)15. Somehow I always give myself away. Once I pinched a hotel towel to wrap up a wet swimming-costume. They were robbing me any-way, slamming the bag shut as the chambermaid entered the room, I hurried down the hall with my collar turned up and hat pulled down spy style, but knees knocking and heart pounding, I could see the lift-man eyeing my bag, and it seemed that everybody I met in the foyer was a plain-clothes policeman. I paid the bill, and the cashier called after me as I turned to leave: “Just a minute sir”. I stammered a full confession, opened my bag and handed over the towel. The cashier seemed embarrass ed. “The chambermaid just phoned downstairs”, he explained. “You left your shaving-kit in the bathroom”.第二节增词译法一、为了句意明了或背景需要，需进行表意性或解释性增词。