Key to Homework
• 人们必须接受衰老及最终的辞世是人生周期的一 个自然进程——老人走完自己固ess of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life circle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young.
第三讲 词语处理
——指称意义
三类符号学意义
• 指称意义 (referential meaning) • 词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界 • 言内意义 (linguistic meaning) • 词语成分之间、句子成分之间和篇章成分之间的 关系所反映的意义。它在语音、词汇、句子和篇 章等层次均有体现 • 语用意义 (pragmatic meaning) • 语言符号与使用者的关系，是语言符号对人产生 的影响
指称意义
• 指称意义：designative/referential meaning,是 词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界。 • 指称意义不完全等同于“字面意义”。 • 指称意义不完全等同于“词典意义” ,（dictiona ry meaning），因为词典中词条的释义，不仅有 指称意义，还有蕴涵意义。
a gentleman’s agreement shuttle diplomacy software
摊牌
君子协定 穿梭外交 软件
练习
• • • • • • • • 别流鳄鱼眼泪。 Don’t shed crocodile tears. 应该弥补代沟。 The generation gap must be bridged. 这事使他丢脸。 This matter makes him lose face. 如何提高生产力？ How to improve productivity?
最惠国待遇
most-favored-nation treatment
“小天鹅” 洗衣机 ―Little Swan‖ Washer
练习
新闻照片 特快列车 press photo limited express
白酒
干货
spirit/liquor
dried food and nuts
to show one’s cards
练习
• 剩女 • “Leftover ladies‖ , or shengnü in Chinese, has become a buzzword in the Chinese language. They are well-educated, well-paid and independent. • They are also referred to as ―3S women:‖ single, seventies (most were born in the 70s) and stuck.
练习
• • • • • • • • 上市股票 listed shares/stocks 热门话题 hot-discussed subjects 小康水平 a relatively comfortable standard of living 脱贫致富 to shake off poverty and set out on the road to prosperity
赏析
• 岁月不居，来日苦短；夜长梦多，时不与我。 • Time and tide waits for no man. An opportunity once lost is lost. • 长期以来，科学同艺术之间的关系一直是剃头担子 一头热。 • For quite a long time, science has shown a oneway affection towards art.
练习
人与自然 世界知识产权组织 世界贸易组织 副主席 副主任 副教授 People and Nature World Intellectual Property Organization World Trade Organization vice chairman/president deputy director associate professor
2. 直译加注解
• 1990年共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“三资” 企业已达284家。 • （中外合资经营企业，中外合作经营企业，外商 独资经营企业） • In 1990, the Province approved 99 “Three Forms of Ventures” (Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and wholly foreignfunded enterprises), the total number of the “Three Forms Of Ventures” reached 284.
练习
• • • • • • • • • • My sister goes back to the fat farm again. 我妹妹又去减肥中心了。 David is as poor as a church mouse. 大卫一贫如洗。 When invading Moscow, Hitler met his Waterloo. 在进攻莫斯科时，希特勒一败涂地。 Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. 莎士比亚使他的家乡声明远扬。 You are the last person I want to see in the world. 你是我最不想见的人。
练习
• • • • • 甲：这一点小意思，请务必收下。 乙：你这个人真是有意思，怎么也来这套？ 甲：哎，只是意思意思。 乙：啊，真是不好意思。 A: This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation. Please do take it. • B: Oh, aren’t you a bit too polite? You should not do that. • A: Well, it just conveys my gratitude. • B: Ah, thank you then, though I really do not deserve it.
例子
hair conditioner paper tiger one country, two systems brown sugar pink eye to answer the telephone
护发素 纸老虎 一国两制 红糖 红眼病 接电话
1.完全保留汉语的指称意义
• 芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。 • Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin. • 处理人民内部的矛盾必须坚持和风细雨的方法 ,坚持 “团结一批评一团结”的方法。 • It is essential to persist in using methods as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze ,and to adhere to the formula of ―unity- criticism- unity‖ in dealing with contradictions among the people.
Key to Homework
• 老年既不是固然悲惨，也不是固然崇高。就像生 命的其它阶段一样，老年有自己的问题、欢乐、 恐惧与种种不测。
• Old age is neither inherently miserable nor inherently sublime – like every stage of life it has problems, joys, fears and potentials.
Key to Homework
• "Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather." This statement, often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country, is both revealing and true. • ―各国皆论气候，唯独咱们英国论天气”。英国人 谈起本国独特的气象状况时，常说这句话，既给 人以启发，又实事求是。
字面
VS
指称
隐形眼镜 早恋 绿豆 青春痘
invisible glasses early love green bean youth spot white cabbage sour milk
contact lenses puppy love
mung bean
acne
白菜
酸奶
Chinese cabbage
练习
• 三个代表
• 始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求、中国先进文化的前进方 向、中国最广大人民的根本利益
• "Three Represents", namely that the Party must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people, is the crystallization of the Party's collective wisdom and a guiding ideology the Party must follow for a long time to come, Jiang said in his report.