Unit1 Section BWhy do smart people do dumb things Objectives:To master the reading skillTo understand the textTo practice the phrases and patternsTo learn about writing a survey reportContents :Warming upReading skillsText studyComparative studyUnit ProjectWarming-upLead-in video watching1. What are the two examples of Sunk Costs Fallacy2. According to the speaker, what is Sunk Costs FallacyBackground InformationCognitive Bias- A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations, leading to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. Many cognitive biases (认知偏差) are often studied for how they affect business and economic decisions and how they affect scientific and experimental researches.Fundamental Attribution Error-A Fundamental Attribution Error (基本归因错误) is a cognitive bias in social psychology. It refers to the tendency to judge a person in an unpleasant situation in a bad light and attribute his behavior to internal causes and qualities rather than consider the situation or circumstances that may have caused the person to behave in that manner. But, if we ourselves made the same errors, we would easily attribute the causes to external factors.Confirmation Bias-A Confirmation Bias (确定性偏差) is a cognitive bias whereby one tends to notice and look for information that confirms one’s existing beliefs, whilst ignoring anything that contradicts those beliefs. It is a type of selective thinking. For example: After having bought a piece of clothing, you will look for the same clothing in a more expensive store to confirm that you have bought a bargain.Reading skillsSkimming is a method of rapidly moving the eyes over a text with the purpose of getting themain idea or a general overview of its content. For example, many people skim read a newspaperarticle just to get a quick overview, or a text to see whether it’s worth reading in detail. The keyword for skimming is “general”.Steps to help you to skim an article1 Read the title –it is the shortest possible summary of the content of the article.2 Read the introduction or lead-in paragraph(s).3 Read any sub-headings, and identify the relationships between them.4 Read the first sentence of each remaining paragraph; the main idea of most paragraphs appears in the first sentencePracticeSkim Text B to find answers to the following questions.1 What is this text mainly about2 What common cognitive biases can causesmart people to make bad decisions3 How can we avoid being affected byvarious types of cognitive biases whenmaking a decisionText StudyText ComprehensionWhat is the traditional view about smart people according to Paragraph 1 (Para. 1) Smart people, by virtue of what they’ve learned, will formulate better decisions.What is the most typical characteristic of the fundamental attribution errorOne of the most common biases is what is known as the fundamental attribution error. Through this people attribute the ______________ to _____________ and their own to ________________, subconsciously considering their own characters to be ________.What will you be affected if you are only interested in evidence that is in agreement with your own beliefThe confirmation bias.4. When does the overconfidence bias usually occurOverconfidence bias most frequently comes into play in areas where someone has _______ ____________________________ –estimating how many people are in a crowded plaza, for example, or how likely it will rain.Why does the availability bias leads to strange and inaccurate conclusionsBecause it causes people to use evidence that is not so convincing and strong.Why don’t people want to leave a bad investment situation and commit the sunk cost fallacy Because they don’t want their previous investments to be wasted.7. What is the purpose of this textThe purpose of this text is try to help us learn about cognitive biases and be better at decision-making.Text SummaryPsychologists have uncovered cognitive biases are common to all people. One of the most common biases is_fundamental attribution error_. Through this people attribute the failures of others to character flaws and their own to mere __circumstance. __Confirmation_ bias is found together with fundamental attribution error. This one has two parts. First, people tend to gather and rely upon information that only confirms their existing views. Second, people avoid or veto things that refute their _pre-existing hypotheses__________. Similar to confirmation bias is the __overconfidence bias, Which means we could be correct 100 percent of the time we were ___100 percent sure_ about something, ____correct 80 percent__ of the time we were 80 percent sure about something. The availability bias is also related to _errors___ in estimation, In action this bias might lead someone to cancel a trip because of a report that the _biggest plane crash in history happened there_. The sunk cost fallacy can lead people to stay in damaging situations. The key to avoiding these biases remains the same: Rely on ___watertight logic__________, carefully examine the evidence and _____remain aware_______!Practical phrasesFunctional patterns。