3-4 weeks 3-4周
Prostate 前列腺
Clinical examination: large? painful? 临床检查：变大？疼痛？
Radiography: don‘t skip it! X线les 睾丸
Clinical examination 临床检查 US 超声
Early: gestational sac day 10
早期：生殖检查10天
Mid: 25.5 days 中期：25.5天
US: quick way to check 超声：快速检查
Heart rate 心率 Fetal movement 胎儿运动
Approx. 2X maternal HR
Gestational chamber Placental layers of uterine
w all Embryo and heartbeat Fetal movement Skeleton Bladder and stomach Liver (hypoechoic) and
lung (hyperechoic)
Gestational chambers: small, thin-walled anechoic structures within uterus 胚胎：在子宫里有壁的无回声的小结构
Embryo day 23-25 with heart beat 23-25天的胚胎就可以看到心跳了
Ultrasonographic Findings
Hypoechoic tubular structure 低回声的管状结构
Focal thickening at cervix 子宫颈厚度增加
Central linear echo may be seen
在线性中央可见回声
Useful to monitor embryonic and fetal development 监控胚胎和胎儿发育情况
Location, size and appearance vary with 位置、大小外观随下列因素变化
Age 年龄 Previous disease 疾病 Status (intact/neutered) 状态（未绝育/绝育）
Locate urinary bladder neck and trace urethra caudally 定位膀胱颈并朝后方找尿道
边缘光滑、椭圆型；犬-2cm；猫<1cm Uniformly hypoechoic to surrounding fat
与周围脂肪比起均质的，低回声
Left
Right
Tip!技巧
Use systematic approach and anatomy to locate the uterus
运用系统检查法和解剖知识去定位子宫 Transverse view very helpful
Small 小 Hypoechoic 低回声 Homogeneous 均质 No distinction of lobe
没有明显分叶
Smooth outline 边缘光滑 Oval or bilobed in shape 椭圆或角状 Homogeneous 均质 Medium echogenicity 中等回声
• Follicles are often easy to identify (>2 cm cysts) 卵泡容易辨别（囊肿>2cm)
• Normal uterus 正常子宫
• usually only the body and cervix can be identified 通常只能鉴别子宫体和子宫颈
Increases in size and echogenicity with age 随年龄增长体积增大回声增强
• Anestrous ovary can be difficult to detect (especially in fat dogs, cats)
休情期卵巢很难检查（特别是肥胖动物）
• In proestrus and estrus: larger and easier to identify 发情前期和发情期：变大、容易识别
Dog (Days After LH" Surge)
20
22-24
23-25 34-36 33-39 35-39 38-42
Cat (Days After Breeding)
10
15-17
16-18 30-34 30-33 29-32 29-32
'LH, luteinizing hormone. Data f rom Y eager et at. (1992) and Zambelli et al, (2002).
横切很有用
▪ Locate bladder and colon 定位膀胱和结肠 ▪ Uterus should be between 子宫在膀胱和结肠间
Linear transducers great for this region
这个区域用线阵很好
▪ Good resolution in near field 在近距离区域细节很清楚 ▪ Uterus is linear structure 子宫是线状结构
Unreliable on ultrasound 超声不可靠 Underestimation: Add 1 to your count
低估数量：在你数的数据上加一 Radiographs after day 45 for accurate count
45 天后用X 线来判断数量
1 week 一周
• Norma <1cm diameter 正常直径< 1cm
Locate kidney 定位肾脏 Scan region caudal and lateral to the caudal pole of each kidney
在每一肾脏后侧方 Smoothly rounded to oval; dogs: ~2 cm long, cats <1 cm