Chapter 5
tithing system
A private self-held protection system in early medieval England, in which a group of ten families, or a tithing, agreed to follow the law, keep the peace in their areas, and bring law violators to justice.
constable
The peacekeeper in charge of protection in early English towns.
Chapter 5
The London Metropolitan Police
• The Industrial Revolution brought a huge influx of people into London, and along with them, increasing poverty, public disorder, and crime. • In 1829, Parliament created the London Metropolitan Police, a 1,000-member professional force.
Chapter 5
History and Structure of American Law Enforcement
Chapter 5
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement
The United States has almost 18,000 public law enforcement agencies. The jurisdiction of each agency is carefully limited by law.
• Citizens were drafted as (unpaid) watchmen, and were required to come to the aid of a constable or watchman who called for help.
Chapter 5
constable-watch system
Law enforcement is also limited by the procedural law derived from U.S. Supreme Court decisions.
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Chapter 5
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement
A system of protection in early England in which citizens, under the direction of a constable, or chief peacekeeper, were required to guard the city and to pursue criminals.
Even compared with other democratic nations of the world, the U.S. has remarkably more police agencies that operate under far more restrictions to their authority.
Chapter 5
The Tithing System
By the 12th century in England, the practice of resolving disputes privately gave way to a system of group protection, called the tithing system.
Chapter 5
The Constable-Watch System
The Statute of Winchester, in 1285, formalized the constable-watch system of protection.
• One man from each parish was selected to be constable.
Chapter 5
The Tithing System
In larger areas, ten tithings were grouped together to form a hundred, and one or several hundreds constituted a shire. The shire was under the direction of the shire reeve.
Chapter 5
The London Metropolitan Police
The police became known as bobbies or peelers after Robert Peel, who had pushed for their creation.
Chapter 5
The London Metropolitan Police
Like much of the criminal justice system, this limited law enforcement model came from England.
Chapter 5
English Roots
Our familiar law enforcement system, in which uniformed officers respond to calls for help and plainclothes detectives investigate, developed over hundreds of years in England.