第1讲导论主要容：从语言对比角度探讨翻译概念阐释、翻译标准厘定、翻译过程梳理、翻译方法运用等与翻译相关的方方面面的问题。
教学要求：了解翻译中的语言比较与对比概念，理解翻译概念、翻译标准、翻译过程等，掌握上述相关概念基本容及其与语言对比相关的问题。
重点、难点：语言比较与对比概念差异及其之于翻译能力培养的终极意义。
一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。
——吕叔湘对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。
——吕叔湘You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.——EngelsExplain some of the points:1.Why “contrast” but not “compare”?2.What is “language”?3.What’s the aim of contrastive study of two languages?4.Content of study.5. A general contrastive study of Chinese and English6.Contrastive study of phonetics.Explanation:1. Compare: similarity of two thingsContrast: differences of two things语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare 和contrast两种途径。
比较语言学（Comparative linguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。
对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。
2. 起步阶段：二十世纪初——二十世纪四十年代末严复、元任、吕叔湘、王力停滞阶段：1949——1976复苏和发展阶段：1977年5月后，特别是进入九十年代后3. What is “language”?语言: 语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。
Language：the system of human communication which consists of the structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) into larger units, e.g. morphemes, words, groups/phrases, sentences4. What’s the aim of contrastive study?1) 促进英语教学：语音教学、写作教学以及翻译教学。
2)西方对比语言学认为，一本好的外语教材，一方面对所学外语进行科学的描写，一方面对学生的本民族语进行平行描写，并加以仔细比较。
通过两种或多种语言的对比研究，可以更好地认识语言的结构，进一步认识语言的本质。
1.Introduction1.1Contrastive analysis versus comparative linguistics1.1.1Definition of contrastive analysisContrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics that makes synchronic contrastive study of two or more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the differences, and to make use of them mainly in language teaching and learning.1.1.2Definition of comparative linguisticsComparative linguistics is a branch of linguistics that makes diachronic comparative study of more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the similarities, and to find the proto-language and develop etymology.1.1.3 Comparisons between contrastive analysis and comparative linguisticsContrastive analysis Comparative linguisticsOther names: Contrastive study Comparative philology（语文学）Contrastive Linguistics Comparative grammarTime: Synchronic DiachronicObject:Different languages and dialects Different languages in the same family Goal: To know differences and similarities To know the originality of languages Contents:Phonology, morphology, syntax and Phonology, morphology, syntaxsemanticsValue:To develop typology（类型学）To find the proto-language(共同原始语) To help correct errors To develop etymologyTo help learn languageTo help in translation(Hartmann and Stork: 1976)※typology: isolating, agglutinative, inflective1.1.4 Four quadrants of contrastive analysis and comparative linguisticswithin language2 1diachronic synchronic3 4between languages1.2Classification of contrastive analysis1.2.1Classification of linguisticsGeneral theoretical linguistics (4)theoreticallinguistics (2)Concrete theoretical linguistics (5) Linguistics(1)General applied linguistics (6)appliedlinguistics (3)Concrete applied linguistics (7)General theoretical linguistics (4): study of general characters, constructions, rules, methods,classifications and their interrelations of human language Concrete theoretical linguistics (5): study of a certain language (so it has got other names: speciallinguistics, individual linguistics)General applied linguistics (6): application of the linguistic principles and study achievementsto language teachingConcrete applied linguistics (7) application of the study of a certain languages to a certainlanguage teaching1.2.2 Classification of contrastive linguisticsGeneral theoretical contrastive linguistics (4)theoretical contrastivelinguistics (2)Concrete theoretical contrastive linguistics (5)contrastivelinguistics(1)General applied contrastive linguistics (6)applied contrastivelinguistics (3)Concrete applied contrastive linguistics (7)General theoretical contrastive linguistics (4): study of general theories and methods between twoor more languagesConcrete theoretical contrastive linguistics (5): descriptions of two or more certain languages withthe general theories and methods of contrastivelinguisticsGeneral applied contrastive linguistics (6): application of the study of general theories andmethods of contrastive linguistics to languageteachingConcrete applied contrastive linguistics (7): contrast of two languages for a certain purpose e.g. tocompile a book about grammar between Englishand Chinese1.3Name, origin and development of contrastive analysis1.3.1 Name:Contrastive analysis: analysis of difficult linguistic pointsContrastive studies: theories and methodsContrastive linguistics: general name, including theory and application1.3.2 OriginEurope: around the year1900, synchronic analysis of languageAmerica: in the Second World War,behaviorist psychology (stimulus-response, Bloomfield) Three factors American structuralism (anthropologist: Boas;Sapir; B.L.Whorf; Harris; C.F.Hockett)need of foreign language teaching because of war1.3.3DevelopmentInternational academic conference: America, Romania, Poland, Finland, Germany etc.Magazines: Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics (Poland)Contrastive Linguistics (Bulgaria)Contrastive (France)China:元任A Preliminary Study of English Intonation and Its Chinese Eqivalents,1933※元任（1892-1982），留美哲学博士，兼攻物理，化学，音乐，语言．其六世祖翼（乾隆年间1736-1795进士）写有＂江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年＂名句．夫人步伟（1889-1981）,留日医学博士．1971.6.1金婚，写有佳句：和有佳句：＂吵吵闹闹五十年，＂阴阳颠倒又团圆，人人都说好姻缘．犹似当年蜜蜜甜．元任今生欠我业，男女平权新世纪，颠倒阴阳再团圆．＂同偕造福为人间．＂※元任的学生有王力，朱德熙，吕叔湘等．2.雷的“神似”和钱钟书的“化境”傅雷的“神似”以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。