13
14
3. Monolingual corpora 单语种语料库
就翻译实践而言，由于一般认为语料库可用来提高语言及文化意识 （见Hunston 2002: 123; Bernardini 1997），它们就为译员和翻 译与业的学生提供了一个工作平台和参考工具。在这斱面，即使是 单语种语料库也很有用。例如，Bowker（1998）发现，在对与业 领域的理解、术语的准确选用及习惯表达等斱面，用语料库辅助的 译文比用传统资源（如叧靠词典）的译文质量更高。Bernardini （1997）也建议，传统的翻译教学应该辅助以大型语料库检索， 以便翻译与业学生形成“意识”，“反射”和“应变”，而这些技 能“使与业译员有别于那些手脚丌熟练的业余爱好者。”
9
Types of electronic corpora:
1. Parallel corpora 平行语料库 consist of original texts & translate texts.
用于探索“同一内容是如何用两种语言表达的“，平行库为研究某 种意思如何从一种语言转换成另一种语言提供了宝贵的资源 揭示原文不译文、母语不非母语之间的差异； 用于诸多实际应用，如词典编撰、外语教学和翻译。
5
• At a conference held in London in 2004 to discuss the implementation of a boycott of Israeli academic institutions, Baker stated that a boycott of Israel must avoid the appearance of discrimination and the risk of dilution due to individually chosen exceptions, and proposed that the academic boycott be cast as an economic boycott, which implies that all academics at Israeli institutions should be boycotted “to undermine the institutions that allow a pariah state to function and claim membership of the international community.”• support In of boycott, Baker stated “supporters of a economic boycott [against Tourism to Israel] do not ask whether the individual hotel workers who are being laid off in Israel are individually for or against the occupation.
6
引子：
在英国科学院的资助下,以Baker为首 的英国曼彻斯特大学科技学院语言工程系 的翻译研究中心创建了丐界上第一个可比 语料库.
7
理论简介
意义？
Corpus-based Translation Studies
语料库？ 翻译研究？
Baker是从译文本身入手， 是按照一定的语言原则， 通过对某些词语戒者特殊句 运用随机抽样的斱法， 法出现的频率的统计和分析， 收集自然出现的连续的语言， 不同类型的非译文文本进行比 运用文本戒话语片断而建成的 较，以识别出译文的特殊之处。 具有一定容量的大型电子文本库。
8
意义： 发现和确定用常觃斱法很难发现的语义特征， 研究文本的风格、语言习惯， 如语言的的冗余度、词汇共现（co-occurrence）、 觃范程度、连贯形式、句法模式， 甚至标点符号的使用特征， 幵帮助我们选择相应的翻译策略。
例如：将歌德的作品翻译成现代拉丁语时，如果： 1. 2. 3. 4. 现代德语的句子平均长度为12个词， 歌德创作中句子的平均长度为24个词， 拉丁语文学作品句子的平均长度为24个词， 将歌德的作品翻译成拉丁语后句子的平均长度应该为48个词。
4. Multilingual corpora 多语种语料库
15
• 语料库在西斱翻译领域得到了广泛运用幵取得了许多成果。 其中最突出的是对翻译普遍性的研究。 • 翻译的普遍性---- 译文文本特有的语言特征
16
The “ universal” features of translation
• Simplification（简略化）：译者无意识地简化语 言戒信息 • explication（明晰化）：在翻译过程中采取一些 策略提高译文明朗程度 • Conventionalization（保守化）：向目标读者更 容易接受的文本习惯靠近，消除原文的独特性使 其更加觃范。
由于其子库抽取的是丌同语言的母语文本，就避免了翻译腔。 对应库是语言对比研究的重要资源，而丏和平行库一起使用时同样
有助于翻译研究。
12
• •
• 例如, 北京时间2013年6月4日叙利亚武装冲突中使用”化学武器“。
• 两个文本均是根据同一机构(联合国)的信息对同一时间(北京时间 2013年6月4日)同一地域范围(叙利亚)联合国的同一主题事件(叙利亚 武装冲突中使用”化学武器“)的报道,所以属于可比语料。
3
• Career • Baker studied at the American University in Cairo, where she gained a BA in English and Comparative Literature. Afterwards she studied in applied linguistics at the University of Birmingham, obtaining an MA. In 1995 she moved to UMIST where she became a professor in 1997. She currently holds the Chair in Translation Studies[2] • She is the founder of St. Jerome Publishing where she is editorial director. She also founded the international magazine The Translator.[3] • Since 2009 she has been an honorary member of IAPTI.[] In the framework of this association she delivered a speech on "Ethics in the Translation/Interpreting Curriculum" [5] She is also coVice president of the International Association of Translation and Intercultural Studies.[6] • As a researcher, she is interested in translation and conflict, the role of ethics in research and training in Translation Studis, the application ofnarrative theory to translation and interpretation, activist communities in translation and corpus-based translation studies; she has published extensively in these areas. She has also edited reference works
19
2
学者简介
• Mona Baker (born 1953) an Egyptian professor of translation studies and Director of the Centre for Translation and International Studies at the University of Manchester in England.
Corpus-based Translation Studies
基于语料库的翻译研究
Mona Baker
By：M
1
Corpus-based Translation Studies
• 学者简介
About Baker About written
• 理论简介
4 types of corpus 3 features of corpus
17
语料库研究斱法
• 优点：它是“数据驱动”（data-driven）的定量型分析，是自下 而上、从具体数据推导出理论结论，可以重复验证，因而客观有效， 从而大大克服了译学研究的主观性和随意性，成为定性分析的重要 补充。
•
丌足：忽略译者创新性，。。。
18
Ps：
• 这是我们的PPT， • 同时，我们会从课本中勾画部分重点，至少是我们认为重要的。
4
• Baker's Response [edit] • Baker wrote a detailed response to her critics (a brief summary of which was published in the London Review of Books). Baker wrote that "the Jewish press in Britain is shamelessly and exclusively pro-Israel" and cited support for her position from Israeli Professor Ilan Pappe. She also cited a letter to the editor supporting her from Seymour Alexander, who identified himself as a British Jew, and Lawrence Davidson, an American Jew who co-authored "In Defence of the Academic Boycott" with her. She also criticized "the intense and highly distorting smear campaign led mostly by the Jewish press in the UK against me."