翻译学导论英语作业第一部分英译汉Communication is seen to involve an information source encoding a message (a sender) which is transmitted via a channel to a decoder(a receiver),where it is interpreted and has an effect. Efficient, error-free transmission is assumed to be the primary goal, especially in engineering contexts. Attempts to apply this model more generally have been criticized for neglecting the importance of other factors, such as context, the return of information to the sender (feedback), and the active role played by human receivers in the production of meaning.交际被视作一种信息传输的过程，信息源将信息编码（由信息发出者）通过信道传递给解码者（信息接受者），使解码者理解并产生效果。
高效、无误地传递信息是基本目标，特别是在工程领域中。
而有人泛泛地运用这个原则受到了批评，因为忽略了其他重要因素，诸如，语、信息接受者给信息发出者的信息反应（反馈），接收人在理解意思时起到的积极作用。
第二部分英译汉“书画同源”之心理学观The physiology point-view of the homology in calligraphy and painting.综言之，历来文人、学童经常有学习书和画的兴趣和志向，通常师长们的要求多是先规定学习书法以为研习图画的基本功夫。
这种学习方式就是在学书法的过程中，规定学生要先从楷书入手，作为基本的功夫。
In sum, literati and pupils have been interested in and ambitious in learning calligraphy and painting. In most cases, teachers require them to learn calligraphy ahead of painting. According to this learning method, if you learn calligraphy, you have to learn Regular Script first as basic training.本研究的结果表明，楷书其实是一种最不轻松，最不易掌握的书体，因此书写不易，不宜于作为入门书本。
The results of this study show that Regular Script is the most difficult font to learn, which is not suitable for the beginners.我们过去的实验早已初步证明此结论。
这个结论告诉书法教学专家们:书法教学不应以楷书为“正确的书法”，以及习书的首要对象；This conclusion have been improved by our past experiments preliminarily, which let calligraphy teaching experts know that Regular Script studying is not correct Calligraphy and isn't the primary object.而应考虑文字演进的先后及书体之历史发展次序，方是正途。
这是推翻历来传统看法的新理念。
另外，以学习书法作为习画的基本功夫，从科学观点来看，是错误的。
For the calligraphy and painting teachers, evolution of word and order of history development is to be considered as the new theory to overthrew the traditional idea. Further more , from scientific point of view, it is worry that learning calligraphy is the basic training of painting .书法演进晚于绘画，书法写字较绘画更难。
我们有何理由要学生舍易取难，本末和次序颠倒来谈“书画同源”呢！Calligraphy , which evolute later than painting, is more difficult than drawing painting. It is no reason to ask students groundless to do difficulty first and then the easier and to talk about the common origin of calligraphy and painting.第二次作业英译汉夏威夷夏威夷由8个主岛和100多个小岛组成。
这些小岛就像一串2575公里长的珠帘从东南至西北镶嵌在太平洋。
尽管这个州位于热带地区，气候却非常宜人，因为这里有洋流流经海岸，有西北风吹拂陆地。
通常每年平均气温接近24度。
沿着部分海岸线有粗糙、黑色的火山岩刚刚露出水面。
在一些地方，悬崖几乎与水面垂直。
东北部略微倾斜的陆地地区是黄色、白色和黑色沙子构成的沙滩。
最大的岛屿夏威夷岛，位于岛链的东南边缘，是几乎所有其他岛屿合起来的两倍大。
五座火山构筑了这座岛；两座火山依旧是活着的：其劳维亚火山Kilauea 和冒纳罗亚火山Mauna Loa。
Mauna Loa是世界上最大的活体火山，就像风景宜人的夏威夷国家公园的高塔。
山峰延绵4250米的山峰穿过海洋到了毗邻的冒纳罗亚火山，山谷就是陆地。
热带植物、沙地、温泉、火山口和岩洞使这个780平方公里的公园成为旅游胜地。
关于飞利浦电子荷兰皇家飞利浦电子是世界上最大的也是欧洲最大的电子公司，2002年销售额318亿欧元。
飞利浦是全球彩色电视机、电灯、电子剃须刀、医疗诊断透视显像、病人监测和单片电视产品的领导者。
在60个国家有166000名员工，在照明、消费电子产品、家用电器、零件、半导体、医疗系统工作。
飞利浦在纽约交易所、伦敦、法兰克福、阿姆斯特丹和其他股票交易所上市。
全球领先者皇家飞利浦电子在全球电子企业财富榜排行第十。
我们和60个财富榜上榜企业保持着商业往来，从消费电子产品到家用电器，从安全系统到半导体产品。
我们是电子技术的世界领先者，在电视、显示、无线通讯、语音识别、影像压缩、存储、光学产品以及使得这些技术成就成为可能的基础半导体技术。
我们提供世界级的解决方案，在照明、医疗系统（特别是在扫描和其他诊断系统）和家用电器。
我们在设计与新材料研发所做的投入使得在家用电器领域绝对是成功的。
具体到数字，我们每年生产超过24亿只白纸灯泡、和大约3000万个显像管。
世界七分之一的电视是用的飞利浦的显像管，百分之六十的电话是飞利浦生产的。
世界百分之三十的办公室被飞利浦照明灯点亮，还有世界百分之六十五的机场、百分之五十五的球场和百分之三十的医院照明。
飞利浦产品在全球的运用反应了它（基本价值）在很多市场上的领先地位。
第三次作业第一部分英译汉1) Britain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years. Although Britain too has had its periods of political instability, in contrast to say, France, the United States, or China, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution. This long, unbroken history is still apparent in Britain’s current political institutions and in its political culture.英国是世界上公认的最早实行民主制的代表性国家，其根源可以追溯到一千年前。
尽管英国也经历过政治不稳定期，但相比较而言，法国、美国，或者中国，国家建立的过程都是通过一场革命而不是演变。
这段长时间不被打破的历史依然明显地存在于英国现今的正式体系与政治文化中。
To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament, the king or queen met regularly with a group of important parliamentarians, a group which became known as the Cabinet.为了维护皇室与国会的关系，国王或者女王会定期会见重要的国会议员，这些议员即被称作内阁成员。
2) Canada’s political system reflects the two major foreign influences on the historical development of the country: on the one hand, its legacy as a former colony of Britain, and on the other, the powerful influence exerted by its neighbor to the south, the United States. Historically, the way the Canadian government evolved is partly due to its reaction to political development in America, where republicanism and other revolutionary ideas were used to forge a nation that was supposed to correct the imperfections and corruption of the monarchic European society.加拿大在国家历史发展进程中，政治体系的形成主要反映了两个方面的外来影响：一方面，作为前英属殖民地的后遗影响；另一方面，受到来自南方邻国美国的强大影响。