2.S u f f i x a t i o nS u f f i x a t i o n i s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y a d d i n g s u f f i x e s t o b a s e s.I t s p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n i s t o c h a n g e t h e g r a m m a t i c a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e b a s e,i.e.t h ec h a n g e o f t h e w o rd c l a s s w i t h a s l i g h t m o d i f i c a t i o n o f me a n i n g.1). Noun suffixes•Denominal nounsConcrete: -eer meaning ‘skilled in, engaged in’. E.g. profiteer(投机商),engineer,mountaineerer- meaning ‘having as dominate characteristics,’ teenager, glover, Londoner, etc-ess meaning ‘female’ priestess, hostess-ette meaning ‘compact(紧凑,)’ as in kitchenette, cigarette; also meaning ‘imitation’ and ‘female’ e.g. leatherette(人造革),suffragette(20世纪初为妇女争取选举权的女性)•-let meaning ‘small, unimportant’ as in droplet, booklet,starlet(配角女演员)•-ster meaning ‘involved in’ as in trickster(骗子), gangster, songster.Abstract: -age meaning ‘ measure of, process or state’ e.g. mileage(里程),storage, wasteage. Etc.-dom meaning ‘ state, condition’ e.g. dukedom(公爵爵位)，officialdom-ery, ry meaning ‘condition or behaviour associated with’ as in slavery, savagery; also meaning ‘place’ e.g. bakery, winery•-ful meaning ‘ amount contained in’, productive as in armful, houseful , mouthful, pocketful.•-hood meaning ‘state, condition’, e.g. adulthood, brotherhood.•-ing meaning ‘the material of’ as in tubing, carpeting; also meaning ‘activity connected with’ e.g. farming, golfing, etc. •-ship meaning ‘occupation, position’, e.g. governorship, authorship; also meaning ‘skill and ability’ as in craftsmanship, sportsmanship; also meaning ‘relation’ in partnership, friendship.(2) deverbal nouns•-ant meaning ‘occupations and participation’, e.g. assistant, contestant(竞争者); also referring to ‘an object or substance’, e.g. coolant(冷却剂), pollutant(污染物)•-ee meaning ‘receiver of the action’, as in addressee•-ent meaning ‘a person or thing’, e.g. respondent, descendent, etc.•al- meaning ‘the process or state of ’ as in dismal, portrayal, survival.•-ance meaning ‘action, process, state’, e.g. performance, insurance, attendance.•-ation, -ition, -tion, -sion, -ion meaning ‘process or state of’ or ‘product of, institution produced by’, e.g. imagination, addition, protection, decision, etc.•-ence meaning ‘action, process, state’, e.g. adherence, persistence, dependence.•-ing meaning ‘action of ’as in wedding; also produce concrete nouns, e.g. building, opening, saving.•-ment meaning ‘result of’ as in puzzlement, resentment, assessment.(3)de-adjective nouns-ity meaning ‘state or condition’ with adjectives of neo-classical or French origin. e.g. productivity. Intensity, superiority. Productive with adjectives ending in –able, -al, -ar . e.g. respectability, morality.-ness meaning ‘state or quality’, e.g. youthfulness, permissiveness. Occasionally both –ity and –ness can be added to the same base to form new words, with the former more lexicalized and more closely related to the meaning of the base than the latter, e.g.sensible---sensibility—sensibleness, pompous—pomposity—pompousness.(4) Noun and adjective suffixes-ese meaning ‘member of language of’ e.g. Chinese.an-, ian- meaning ‘citizen and language of ’as in Australian; also meaning ‘adherent to, relating to’ e.g. Chomskyan, Shakespearian.-ist meaning ‘adherent to beliefs and behaviour’ as in loyalist, racist; also meaning ‘occupation or study’, e.g. artist ,violinist . -ite meaning ‘adherent to, member of’’ as in Thatcherite.2).adjective suffixes•-ful meaning ‘full of, providing’, e.g. merciful, graceful. Dutiful.•-ish. Meaning ‘somewhat like’ childish, monkeyish; also referring to ‘language and nationality’as in Polish, Jewish.•-ly meaning ‘having the qualities of’ as in friendly, cowardly; also meaning ‘frequency’ e.g. hourly, monthly•-y meaning ‘somewhat like, characterized by’ e.g. smoky, bloody, grassy; also productive with names to show affection or familiarity as in doggy, Johnny, birdy.•-like and –ish occur with the same base, the latter is relatively pejorative and less literally close to the meaning of the base, e.g. manly, manlike, mannish, the first referring to the physical or heroic qualities of a man, the second applied to nonhumans, and the third implying unwelcome masculine attributes usually in a woman.•-al, -ial, -ical meaning ‘relating to’ e.g. residential,sentimental.•-ic, meaning ‘resembling, involving, connected with’ e.g. patriotic, poetic. •-ous, -eous, -ious, -uous meaning ‘having a particular quality’, e.g. marvelous,anxiousBoth –ic and –ical can be affixed to the same base in some cases, but the meaning is different;Classic (great, memorable), classical(of Latin and Greek)Comic (of comedy ) ,comical (funny)Historic (important in history) , historical( of history)•Economic (in the economy), economical (saving money) •Electric (powered by electricity), electrical (of electricity)•-able, -ible showing ‘possibility’as in washable, admirable, identifiable/.3). Adverb suffixes-ly, meaning ‘in…manner’ as in seriously, gradually; with words ending in –ic, -al should be inserted, e.g. scientific—scientifically except public-publicly.-ward meaning ‘direction’, productive with nouns and adverbs of direction, e.g. homeward, downwards.-wise meaning ‘in…manner’ as in4). Verb suffixes-ate meaning ‘give or make or become’, e,g. originate, validate,etc. -en meaning ‘make or become’, with nouns or adjectives, as in strengthen, heighten.-ify, -fy meaning ‘make, endow with (赋予)’, as in solidify, glorify. -ize, -ise meaning ‘ involving or related to’, e.g. symbolize, fantalize(幻想); -ise confined to British use。