Unit 1Text B Family-unfriendly Policies1.…, even after a significant reform of the welfare system, the singlewelfare mother has become the public symbol of much of what is wrong with America’s social service programs. (para. 8) Paraphrase:Though an important reform of the welfare system has been carried out, the policies of aiding the single mother is still a noticeable demonstration/a good example to show that the American social service programs have fundamental problems.Even after a major reform in welfare system, the single mother still enjoys too much benefits, which is always regarded as the main problem in America’s social service programs.2.Federal aid should give incentives for couples to form and sustainhealthy marriages, not encouragement for single parenthood and nonmarital birth.(para. 8)Paraphrase:The Federal government should encourage couples to marry and keep healthy marriage but discourage households with one parent and childbirth out of unmarried parents.3. Public policy should not contribute to an a la carte menu of sex, love, and childbearing. It should emphasize the benefits for all from the package deal of marriage. (para. 9)Paraphrase:The policy for the public should not promote individually/separately sex, love and childbearing, but should focus on the interests of the whole of marriage for all the people.Unit TwoText B Deep water Drilling.1.Deep waters that were once off limits to oil explores are suddenlyaccessible, partly because of advances in floating rigs.( para. 19) Paraphrase:Oil explorers are now suddenly able to operate in deep waters where they couldn’t get to, in part because there have been developments in floating rigs.2.Everywhere, the quest is for speed and lightness. The last hurrahfor the old guard may be the 4.2 billion Hibernian oil projects on Canada’s Grand Banks.(para. 22)Paraphrase:Anywhere in deep water drilling field, high speed and light weight are pursued forever. The last acclamation for the completion of the old-typed fixed production platform may be the 4.2 billion Hibernian oil projects on Canada’s Grand Banks.3.Now, oil-rich countries that once spurned Western oil companiesas imperialists realize that they’re missing out on a good thing.(para.26)Paraphrase:Countries with abundant oil sources get to know now that they are losing the chance to make use of the investment of the western oil companies, which were once regarded as imperialists and rejected.4.Add all that up and you have the recipe for a possible explosion inoil production.(para. 27)Paraphrase:Taking all these factors of technology and foreign capital into consideration, you understand the causes that lead to a possible large and quick expansion of oil production/ why there is a sharp increase in oil prouction.Unit 3Text A1. A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and proteins to match. (para 2)Paraphrase:A liver cell plays a different role compared with a blood cell and the proteins inside a liver cell are different from those inside a blood cell.2. But as the plasma proteome project shows, there will be a pay-off even at the stage of cataloguing proteins. (para. 8)Paraphrase:But as the plasma proteome project indicates, people will benefit even during the period of classifying proteins.3. And if the unexpected technological leaps made in fiercely competitive race for the human genome are anything to go by, theywill arrive faster than we might think. (para 8)Paraphrase:If we judge by the unexpected technological advances achieved in human genome which involves fierce competition, the achievements in the field of proteomics will be accomplished more quickly than we might think.Text B1. A controversial area of science that has hardly been out of the spotlight since the birth of its leading lady, Dolly, the sheep, is cloning. (para 1)Since the leading lady Dolly the sheep was born, cloning has long been/ seldom escaped from the focus of attention /has always received a lot of public attention as a much-debated area of science.2. Certainly it is the view of every serious scientist … on the grounds of safety alone. (Para. 3)Paraphrase:Every serious scientist surely thinks that it would be mad for anyone to clone a person today, only for the reason of health safety.3. This suggests that there is a great deal of plasticity in the growing embryo that still allows it to develop successfully even when a significant proportion of its genes are malfunctioning. (para 4) Paraphrase:It can be concluded from the cloning studies that the growing embryo can be greatly modified, which enables it to develop successfully even when the majority of genes are not functioning well.4. Personally I think it would be a very dangerous path to follow first of all, could we really be sure until it was too late that we were not creating people with a range of serious abnormalities? (para 5) Paraphrase:In my opinion, it would be very dangerous to clone a person because we could not be certain whether the people we were producing have any serious defects and diseases. It will be too late when we realize the dangers.5. It might be a very useful practical test of the importance of genes versus the environment, but would it be fair to subject a real human individual to such a test? (para 5)Paraphrase:It could probably be a very useful practical experiment in relation to the importance of interaction going on between genes and environment, but would it be fair to get a real human individual involved in such a dangerous test?6. Assessing how serious a possibility someone attempting to clone a baby is has not been helped by the various cranks and charlatans who have been making exaggerate claims in this respect. (para 6) Paraphrase:There are various weird people and fake experts who have been making unreal and impractical declaration that they would try to clone a baby. However, these could not help us to judge how possible the cloning baby is.7. An increasing problem is that pioneering research findings …. have no control over. (para. 8)Paraphrase:The scientists have used public money to do careful research work for years and yielded exploring/leading results, but now they may be wasted and abused by private interests the public can’t manage; this is a rising concern.Unit 4Text A1.In addition, the Freedom Tower will further its distinction as aworld-class model of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. (Para. 1)Paraphrase:Moreover, the Freedom Tower will place greater emphasis on its features as a world -class example in making better use of energy and protecting environment for sustainability.2. This spectacular addition to our skyline will be a commanding architectural symbol while addressing the security concerns we face in today’s world.(para 4)Paraphrase:While solving the security problem in today’s world, the accession of the Freedom Tower to our skyline will be a dominating architectural symbol.3. Generous open spaces, filled with trees, water and places of respite that enliven the surrounding streets, connect the tower with theadjacent neighborhoods and allow views and access into the memorial. (para 6)Paraphrase:The wide green areas with trees, pools and resting places add liveliness to the nearby streets and link the Freedom Tower with the surroundings so that they enable people to see the scenery and enter the memorial.4. The redesigned Freedom T ower speaks to the government and private sector’s deep and abiding commitment to rebuild New Y ork City to the highest architectural, environmental and safety standards.（para 7)Paraphrase:The new design of the Freedom Tower reflects the public and private’s strong and lasting pledge which aims to rebuild New Y ork City on the basis of the highest standards of architecture, environment, and safety. 5. Environmental quality will also extend to construction of the Freedom T ower, which will feature waste reduction through recycling of construction materials. (para. 11)Paraphrase:The environmental quality will also be involved in the construction of Freedom Tower focusing on decreasing waste through construction materials’ recycling.Text B1. After all, who wants to work or live in a grand, iconic structure that stands out in a crowd and thus makes an inviting target? (Para 1) Paraphrase:After all, no one wants to work or live in a huge and symbolic building which is so distinguished among all that it is likely to be attacked.2. A lot of great buildings get erected because somebody wants to make their mark on the skyline. (para 2)Paraphrase:Lots of grand buildings are constructed as the developers want to become well-known with those impressive symbols on the skyline.Unit 6Text A1. … making paper copies of anything is a primitive use of machines and violates their very spirits. (para 1)Paraphrase:Using machines to make paper copies is backward and against the concept of the development of machines.Technologies have emerged one after another to help us do away with what Egyptians first made out of riverside reeds several millennia ago, including electronic date books, ever-shrinking laptops, and the never quite-ready e-book. (para 2)Paraphrase:Many new inventions, including e-calendars, smaller and smaller notebook computers and ever-changing e-books, are coming out successively to help us get rid of paper, which was invented in ancient Egypt and made of water plant leaf fiber.3. A primary pile of papers, adjacent to the open workspace at the center of the desk and probably next to the phone, contains what they call hot files, documents to be acted on immediately. (para 4) Paraphrase:An important pile of documents including those urgent “hot files” to be dealt with at once, is put next to the open workspace in the middle of the desk and possibly close to the phone.4. Cold files, the great preponderance of documents t hat don’t need immediate attention, fill file drawers farther away. (para 4) Paraphrase:As most “cold files” don’t have to be dealt with immediately, they are stuck in the drawers farther away.Text B1.Washington and Wall Street are bedeviled by a specter– the specter of dot-com start-ups and the rise of the nerd class. (Para 1) Paraphrase:The US government and financial world are haunted/troubled by a dreadful thing—the setting up of web firms and the increasing number of web fans.2.Surprisingly, the outcome of this conflict has a lot to say about whether we will still turn pages as we read. (Para 1)Paraphrase:It is surprising that the result of the battle between the paper culture and screen culture fully illustrates/reveals much whether we will still turnpages when we read.3.Screen culture is a world of constant flux, of endless sound bites, quick cuts and half-baked ideas. (para 4)Paraphrase:Screen culture is filled with continuous changes, never-stopping sound bites, rapid editions and deletions, and immature thoughts.4.Notions don’t stand alone but are massively interlinked to everything else; truth is not delivered by authors and authorities but is assembled by the audience. (para 4)Paraphrase:Ideas don’t exist separately but are closel y related with everything else; truth is not expressed by authors and authorities but is made up by the viewers and readers.Unit 7Text A1. This is a particularly unsettling line of inquiry for athletes or parents. (para 4)Paraphrase:The way of asking such a question especially causes athletes or parents to feel worried.2. The underlying theory is simple: All games involve achieving a goal despite the presence of an obstacle, but nowhere is it written that the obstacle has to be someone else. (para 6)Paraphrase:There is a fundamental theory beneath: The rule of all games is to reach a goal even though there is an obstacle, but it never says that this obstacle has to be somebody else.3. If a large number of people insist that we can’t do without win/lose activities, the first question to ask is whether they’ve ever tasted the alternative. (para 10)Paraphrase:If many people still hold the view that we cannot live without activities involving winning and losing, the first thing we should ask is if they have ever tried the other way.4. Studies have shown that feelings of self-worth become dependent on external sources of evaluation as a result of competition; yourvalue is defined by what you’ve done and who you’ve beaten. (para 11)Paraphrase:It is indicated from studies that the feelings of self-esteem gradually rely on assessments from the outside factors because of competition; people’s value is decided by the things they have done and the rivals they have defeated.Text B1.Furthermore, an element of score keeping is evident in the most innocent of children’s games. (para 3)Paraphrase:Moreover, a feature of winning / competing ahead of others is clear even in children’s most harmless games.2. This was a response to an attempt to recognize participation ahead of winning or losing at 4-H events, and was perceived by party leaders as promoting socialism. (para 4)Paraphrase:Joining in 4-H activities was a reaction to an attempt to realize/admit/accept that participation is more important than winning or losing, and was regarded by party leaders as improving socialism.3. As soon as this is established, they can refine and specialize their skills. (para 5)Paraphrase:Once they find their proper / appropriate social position, the young people can improve and major in their skills.4. The bulk of this research points to the improved social conditions associated with cooperation as opposed to competition. (para 7) Paraphrase:The majority of this research suggests / indicates that cooperation rather than competition improves social conditions.5.The context of the competition seems to excuse or suspend normal expectations of civility. (para 12)Paraphrase:It seems the settings of competition make people tolerate bad/ugly behaviors and suppress/ignore politeness as ordinarily expected.Unit 8Text A1.Solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power---thepreserve of visionaries and enthusiasts little more than a decade ago---are now poised on the brink of the mainstream, helped in no small part by the environmental deficiencies of fossil fuels. (para 2)Paraphrase:Largely because fossil fuels do some damage to the environment, solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power are now quite ready to replace the major sources of power, which used to be the field for people with great visions and enthusiasm to explore only about 10 years or so ago.2.Already a billion-pound business, projections indicate an annualgrowth rate for the next decade of 14 percent. (para 6) Paraphrase:Although the solar program is already worth billion pounds, it is still predicted that it will keep growing at a rate of 14% each year for the next 10 years.3.High hopes are pinned on the fuel cell, a technology forecast toreshape the world energy economy and odds-on to power transport systems of tomorrow by replacing petrol. (para 21) Paraphrase:Fuel cell is a technology predicted to transform the world energy economy and it is very likely to take the place of petrol to give power in the future transport systems; as a consequence, people put a lot of hopes on it.4.Again, its green credentials are indisputable: fuel cells releasenothing more damaging into the atmosphere than water vapor.(para 21)Paraphrase:It is definite to argue once more that, with certain green qualities, the fuel cell lets out into the atmosphere nothing damaging, only water vapor.Text B1.The solar panels provide an exciting demonstration for thecampus community of the power of cutting edgetechnology…(para 5)Paraphrase:Excitingly, the solar panels display in front of people on campus the power of a technology that is at the very frontier…2.As laboratories for learning and natural gathering centers for thecommunity, schools are an excellent venue to demonstrate the viability of solar technologies. (para 6)Paraphrase:Acting like the laboratories for learning and the common place for people in the same area to gather together naturally, schools are a perfect place to show the possibility we can have with solar technologies.3.Such solicitations are geared toward “raising visibility andacceptability of renewable energy and to help create a sustained demand for renewables.” (para 4)Paraphrase:The requests are adjusted to make renewable energies visible and accepted and create a continuous demand for them4.As the term “sustainability”gains currency, more and moreeducators are looking to provide hands-on learning opportunities for their students. (para 8)Paraphrase:As the word “sustainability”becomes more popular and accepted by more people, more and more educators are seeking to give their students available learning chances.。