语用意义的理解与表达
• 对许多美国人来说,向西部迁移是表现一种个人奋斗 的遗风。
• 一见面是寒暄,寒暄之后说我“胖了”, 说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。 • When we met, after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and after saying that immediately he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
• 联想意义: 指语言符号唤起的联想以及它 所暗示的概念或印象。 • 例如: • She is a cat. • Chicken-hearted VS 胆小如鼠 • Sheepish/goatish VS 绵羊、山羊
• 祈使意义:指发讯人企图改变收讯人行为 或意向,具体表现为禁止、警告、命令等。 • 如广告语、标识语、警示语等。
• 美国语言学家Martin Joos 把美国英语分为 五种语言变体: • 1、刻板的 (frozen) • 2、正式的 (formal) • 3、商谈式的 (consultative) • 4、随便的 (casual) • 5、亲昵的 (intimate)
• 由于党的农业政策,我国千千万万农民走上了 致富的道路。 • Thanks to the policies of the Communist Party of China on agriculture, millions of peasants in China are getting rich.
Social Meaning:register (语域)
• 语体是同一语言使用者在不同场合使用的 该语言的变体。所谓“变体”是人们在不 同场合下对自己的言语所做的调整。语体 与使用场景、主题、交际对象以及交际时 的情绪等有关。 • 例如:
• 自称在不同场合有不同的表达方式:
• 我、吾、鄙人、某人、不佞、本人、咱、 人家等等 • Q:在当代语境中,以上措词分别有什么样 的语用含义?
• 这位导演别具匠心,在剧中安排了一场演 员走到观众中的戏。 • The director showed his ingenuity by arranging a scene in which the actors went into the audience of the play. • 这家伙老是别出心裁,招摇撞骗。 • That guy is always trying to be different so as to swindle and bluff.
• Capitalism stresses innovation, competition and individualism. • 资本主义强调的是创新、竞争和个人至上。 • Individualism has been the secret ingredient in developing his chain of fashion stores. • 讲求个性化是他发展时装连锁店的一大秘诀。 • To many Americans the westward march illustrates a legacy of individualism.
• “这断子绝孙的阿Q!”远远地听到小尼姑的 带哭的声音。 • “Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun’s voice tearfully in the distance.
• Version 2: • “Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun’s most vicious curse tearfully in the distance.
• 汉语词语一般具有稳定的感情色彩,或带 褒义,或带贬义,情感意义容易区分。有 些情况下,词的褒贬含义也需要借助语境。 例如: • 她尽说漂亮话。 • 她的活儿• 1、忠于原文的立场,而不能以译者的立场 为基准; • 2、依据语境准确判断词语的褒贬; • 3、注意指称意义相同而情感意义不同的 “假朋友”。
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语言符号的语用意义主要包括以下几种: 1. 表征意义 indicative meaning 2. 表达意义 expressive meaning 3. 联想意义 associative meaning 4. 祈使意义 imperative meaning 5. 社交意义 social meaning 柯平《英汉与汉英翻译教程》
表达意义:词的褒贬(affective meaning )
• 词语的情感色彩存在于各种语言中,一般 可以分为:褒义词(appreciative)、贬义词 (pejorative)、以及中性词(neutral)。词语的 情感意义的使用是说话人对客观对象有情 感评价,有不同的好恶。 • 例如: • 他像孩子般的天真。 • 他幼稚得像个孩子。
• Version1:Guo Caidi smiled and said appreciatively: “He certainly knows how to keep you guessing.” • Version 2: … “He is always beating about the bush// talking in a roundabout way.”
• It’s unwise of you to be jealous of others and speak evil of others. • Miss Zhang’s beauty is the envy of a lot of women. • We should turn the idle bread eaters into productive workers. • To be lazy is considered a disgrace in our society.
Exercise
• • • • • • • • 他们讲索取,我们讲奉献。 他追求的是真理,而她追求的是荣华富贵。 请神容易送神难。 这位是大名鼎鼎的范先生。 你不该嫉妒人,说别人的坏话。 不少女人嫉妒张小姐的美貌。 应把闲散人员变为生产工人。 在我们的社会里,懒散是一种耻辱。
• They preach taking from others, while we advocate giving to others. • What she seeks is truth, and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth. • It’s easier to call upon an evil spirit than send it away. • This is Mr. Fan, the historian.
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油漆未干,请勿触摸 刀片锋利,以免伤人 请勿触摸 竖放
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Wet paint! Sharp blade! Hands off! Upright !
• 社交意义:语言符号同建立、保持某种社 会关系有关的方面。 • 1、称谓:您、你、老张、张老 • 2、寒暄语:吃了吗? • 3、语域:刻板(frozen)、正式(formal)、商谈 式(consultative)、随便(causal)、亲昵 (intimate)
• Collins Dictionary: • Individualism: • 1. You use individualism to refer to the behavior of someone who likes to think and do things in their own way, rather than imitating other people. • 2. Individualism is the belief that economics and politics should not be controlled by the state.
• 一封赴宴后的感谢信: • It was extremely gracious of you to invite me, Lady Jones, and I’ve bags of fun. • 贾母责怪王熙凤又提起黛玉父母双亡的事 ,叫她“快别再提了”。 • Version one: so don’t reopen the subject. • Version two: so let’s have no more of it.
• Version 2 • After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked “fat”, and after having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
• 由于两次世界大战的爆发,各国人民蒙受了极 大的灾难。 • People of all countries have suffered great calamities in consequence of the two World Wars
• (卢佳川)“但是,你这些想法和做法, 恐怕还是为了你个人吧?” • 道静蓦地站了起来:“你说我是个人主 义?”(杨沫《青春之歌》) • “Are you sure your thoughts and wishes aren’t determined by personal considerations?” he asked. • Daojing sprang to her feet. “Do you mean that I’m an individualist?”
• 他们忠心耿耿地报效于自己的祖国和人民。 • They served their motherland and people with loyalty and devotion. • 这些死心塌地的纳粹分子为他们的第三帝 国效命。 • These die-hard Nazis went all out to serve their Third Reich.