“Cultural meanings are expressed in the cognitive structures as well as norms of behaviour people utilize when using language.” (Kachru Yamuna)
eg. Yes or No
Chapter 18
文化词与文化含义词
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文化词（Cultural Words）
Peter Newmark calls them ‘Empty Words’
The word (phrase) that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain sociocultural community, that is, whose referent is a unique thing or conception, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called word of cultural uniqueness or cultural word.
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Cultural Words – 5 Types
1. Ecological
eg. selva, igloo, sirocoo, 三伏, 三九
2. Material
eg. swallowtail, 马褂, ravioli, 包子, 粽子
3. Socio-cultural
eg. snooker, cricket, teleathon, Lord Chancellor, 大锅饭, 民工, 家庭联产承包责任制
4. Religious
eg. cathedral, abbey, 阴阳, 庵,老天
5. Gesticular
eg. 叩头,作揖,单腿跪可编拜辑ppt
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文化含义词（Culturally Loaded Word/Phrases）
The word (phrase) whose referent is not a unique thing or conception in one culture, but does not overlap with that in another culture, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in crosscultural communication, is called culturally loaded word.
3) degree of lineality (direct or indirect)
eg. Colours
eg. Cooking methods
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Culturally Loaded Words – 3 Types
2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（联想不同）
1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（切分和归类不同）
1) borrowing（借用）
eg. sake, kaoliang, cigar 2) substitution（替代） eg. ‘temple’ for 寺，庙，庵，观 3) paraphrasing（释义） 亲家，妯娌，连襟
4. Semi-transliteration（半音译）
eg. tea house, tong oil, taoism
5. Loan translation（仿译）
eg. 蜜月，蓝领，超人，lose face, paper tiger
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Translating Culturally Loaded Words
eg. garage, reservoir, spaghetti, plaza
2. Semi-borrowing（半式借用）
eg. comrade (comarada), cartoon (cartone)
3. Transliteration （音译）
eg. kowtow, feng shui, dim sum
eg. Red eg. Magpie eg. Summer eg. West wind
Hale Waihona Puke 可编辑ppt6Culturally Loaded Words – 3
Types
3. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（语用规范不同）
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Culturally Loaded Words – 3 Types
1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（切分和归类不同）
eg. Family members
1) sex
2) generation
eg. You don’t say./ You are not …
eg. Now you are talking …
eg. Oh, you shouldn't’t have …
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Translating Cultural Words
1. Full borrowing （全式借用）
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Translating Culturally Loaded Words
2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（联想不同）