J. Piaget
(1) Four stages in human development
The sensorimotor period (0 to 2 years) The preoperational period (2 to 7 years) The concrete operational period (7 to 11 years) The formal operational period (11 to 15 years) ↓ The child as an active sense-maker
语言习得模式
(1) Behaviourist Model Behavioural psychology Operant conditioning B. F. Skinner (2) Innatist Model Cognitive psychology Universal grammar N. Chomsky (3) Interactionist Model Sociocultural theory Zone of proximal development J. Piaget，L. Vygotsky，J. Bruner
Innatist Model
Cognitive psychology; Universal grammar N. Chomsky • Chomsky’s question: If all language is a learned behaviour, how can a child produce a sentence that has never been said by others before? • Universal grammar • One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules.
The interactional view
The interactional view sees language as a communicative tool (to build up and maintain relations between people).
Two things are needed for communication: • Rules of language form (grammar & vocabulary) • Rules of language use in a context (Is it appropriate to use this language item in this context?)
• behaviorist 刺激形成语言习惯 • cognitive / mentalist / Innatist 先天因素对语言的影响 • humanistic 人际关系和个人情感因素语言习得的影响
Views on the nature of language have an impact on the teaching / learning method of a person.
ZPD
学生独立解决 问题的能力表 现
在帮助下解决 问题的能力表 现
J. Bruner
• Scaffolding talk that supports a child in carrying out an activity • Formats and routines features of events that allow scaffolding to take place
Conclusions of the task
• People learn languages in different ways; • People have different understandings about language learning; and • People have different capabilities in language learning.
Behaviourist Model (B. F. Skinner)
Reinforcement (behavior likely to occur again and become a habit) No Reinforcement (behavior not likely to occur again )
The impact of Chomsky’s theory on language teaching
One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly in opposition to the AudioLingual Method.
C. 三种有代表性的教学法
• (1) Audio-Lingual Approach Behaviourist Brooks (1964) • (2) Natural Approach Innatist Krashen & Terrell (1983) • (3) Collaborative and Cooperative Approach Interactionist Nunan (1992) 关于个体的语言是如何获得的，由于不同的研究者 强调了不同的因素，于是形成了不同的语言获得的理 论。
How do we learn language?
1. What difficulties did you experience in language learning? 2. Did you focus on knowledge or skills? Why? 3. Why did you learn the foreign languages? 4. What were your most common learning activities?
Syntactic
Types of L2 Learning (2)
• Accumulation Model 1) Water, please. 2) I want water, please. 3) Please give me water. 4) Will you please give me some water? 5) Can I have a glass of water, please? 6) Could I have a glass of water, please? 7) I was wondering if I could have a glass of water. 8) I’d appreciate it very much if you could kindly give me a glass of water.
• Reading stories by parents (cf.Cameron, 2001)
Relation among the three theories
1) Paradigm范例 (Behaviorist) → Anti-Paradigm (Innatist) → Synthesis (Interactionist) 2) Individual (Behaviorist and Innatist) vs. Social (Interactionist) 3) Language to communication (Behaviorist and Innatist) vs. Communication to language (Interactionist)
Stimulus → Organism → Response Behavior
Pavlov: stimulus → response Skinner: stimulus → response → reinforcement. Language is also a form of behaviour.
Interactionist Model
• Sociocultural theory; L. Vygotsky cognitive development within social interaction； from social speech to inner speech; • Zone of proximal development (ZPD); ZPD: the difference between an individual child’s level of linguistic and cognitive development and the potential level of development which is shaped via interaction with adults or with peers.
A: 对教学法产生影响的三种语言观
• Structural view结构主义：语言是用来表达 一定意义的结构系统。 • Functional view功能主义：语言是表达功能 的载体。 • Interactional view相互作用理论：语言是人 际关系和进行个人之间的社会交往工具。
B.对教学法产生影响的三种心理学理论
The Behaviourist theory
• Watson an Raynor: a stimulus-response theory of psychology • According to the theory: Forms of behaviour such as motions, habits, etc. are seen as elements that can be observed and measured. • “You can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement.” (Harmer. 1983:30)