国际贸易实务双语教程 （第四版）
(INTERNATIONAL Business Practice)
清华大学出版社
Chapter 1 A brief introduction to
international trade
Definition (P1)
• International trade, also called world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and / or services across national boundaries.
(国际收支平衡) 6. Other reasons
1. Resource Acquisition (寻求资源 P2)
Resource distribution around the world is uneven.
No nation has all the economic resources it needs. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy them from other countries .
Section One Reasons for international trade (从事国际贸易的动机)
1 Resource Acquisition (寻求资源) 2 Benefits Acquisition (追求利润) 3 Diversification (多种经营) 4 Expand sales（扩大销售） 5.International balance of payments
• Using three units of PR (productive resource) to produce 1,000 computers in the United States requires sacrificing the production of 150 cars.
• Using four units of PR to produce 1,000 computers in Brazil requires sacrificing only 100 cars.
• A country can benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at a lower cost .
Question: Why can trade create benefits?
Question: Do you think every country can produce the same type of product at the same cost?
Example 1
Hours of Labor required to produce Country Cloth (100 bolts) Wine (100 barrels)
In international trade, business people must pay close attention to different local customs and Business norms (商业准则).
2. Money Conversion 货币兑换问题 (fluctuation in exchange rate)
trade surplus (贸易出超) occurs when the value of a nation’s export exceeds that of its import.
When the value of a nation’s import exceeds that of its export, an unfavorable balance of trade （贸易逆差）or trade deficit(贸易入超) occurs.
Balance of payment
• The international balance of payment is the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country.
• A favorable balance of payment (国际收支顺
Theory of Comparative Advantage
比较优势理论
Or: Comparative Cost Theory比较成本理论 （by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John
Stuart and other economists in the 19th century）
French francs(法郎) US dollars(美元) British pounds(英镑) Deutsche Mark(马克) Japanese yen(日元) Danish krone(克朗)
Euro (欧元)
3. Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒P6）
Is there a completely free trading system in any country?
Scotland
30
120
Portugal
100
20
1. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cloth?
2. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing wine?
3.What should they specialize in respectively?
absolute advantage?
Example 2
units of PR (productive resource)
product 100 cars 1000 computers
U.S.A 2 3
Brazil 4 4
1) In which product does U.S.A have an absolute advantage?
6. Other reasons (P4)
1)Satisfying a large domestic demand
满足国内大量需求
2)Preference for innovation and style
对创新和款式的追求
3) For political reasons
政治原因
Exercises
Keys
9. European Union 10. favorable balance of payment 11. unfavorable balance of payment 12. visible (tangible) trade 13. invisible (intangible) trade 14. trade in goods 15. trade in service
Section Two Problems Concerning International Trade
Problems
Culture Differences 文化差异
Monetary Conversion 货币兑换
Trade Barriers 贸易壁垒
1. Cultural differences 文化差异问题(P5)
Trade policies come in many forms ----tariffs or subsidies, quantitative restriction or encouragements on imported or exported goods, services and assets.
1) the number of consumers 2) the capacity of purchase of
consumer
5. International balance of payments 国际收支平衡 (P4)
BOP--- balance of payment BOP account 收支平衡账户 BOP sheet 收支平衡表
差) means more money is flowing into a country.
• An unfavorable balance of payment（国际收 支逆差） means more money is flowing out of a country.
Balance of trade A favorable balance of trade (贸易顺差) or
2) In which product does Brazil have a comparative advantage?
3) What should the two countries specialize in?
• Americans have an absolute advantage in producing both cars and computers.
Fact: Some countries has no absolute advantage in producing any products.
Question: Can these countries make profits by doing business with those who has
What are resources?
Natural resources : mineral, water, weather, soil, forest, etc.