实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。
一、Contract与Agreement的区别
在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。
何谓“contract”?
1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing,modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing,that is,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract定义为“contract is a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
L.B Curzon在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者氢说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
何谓“Agreement”?
L.B“A consensus of mind,or evidence of such consensus,in spoke or written form,relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。
Black"Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties,of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property,right or benefits,with the view of contacting an obligation,a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。
Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？
合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。
L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”
1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance(要约和绝对接受)
2.consensus ad idem(意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)
3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿)
4.genuineness of consent(同意的真实性)
5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约能力)
6.legality of object(标的物的合法性)
7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性)
8.certainty of terms(条款的确定性)
9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)
Black'Law Dictionary"中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with"contract", agreement is a broader term,e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。
实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。
1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是：
1.title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)
2.contract object(标的)
3.quantity(数量)
4.quality(质量)
5.price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)
6.time limit,place and method of performance(履行期限、地点和方式)
7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任)
8.methods to settle disputes(解决争议的方法)
上述解释说明，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。
二、结构特点：
合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。
中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this____day of_____(month), _______(year)by and between Party A(hereinafter called"Party A")and Party B(hereinafter called"Party B")
然后是开始陈述：
WHEREAS…THEREFORE
…It is hereby agreed as follows:
或以：
WITNESSETH,WHEREAS…
NOW THEREFORE,for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein,the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:接着是正文，最后是证明部分，：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。
三、新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式：
A.新加坡
Agreement
THIS AGREEMENT is made the9th day of August,2001between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD,a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise,Singapore19569(hereinfater called"The Company")of the part and JACK Wong(NRIC No._________/A)of108Orchar Road,Singapore01688(hereinfater called"The Mangager")of the other part.
WHEREAS:
1.The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
2.
….
NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:
1.The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business for a period of two years commencing on1st day of September
2.
….
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO
Duties of Manger
1.To manage,maintain and promote the business of the Company.
2.
3.
SIGNED by Roger Tan
For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD
In the presence of
SIGNED by TERESA WONG
In the presence of
新加坡的通用合同分五部分：
第一部分：称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为：
THIS AGREEMENT is made the---------__________day of_____（month）,____(year) between A_______(hereinafter called"The Company")of the part and B______, (hereinafter called"The Manager")of the other part.
句子开头THIS AGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。
第二部分：称为recital。以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。
第三部分：称为habendum，正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。
第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。
第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by__”
；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of____”；当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf_____of____”，然后才是In the presence of_______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of_______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。
第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达：
As Witness our Hands this_____day of_____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.
Signed,sealed,and delivered by the above named
In the presence of
Signature
Address
Occupation
上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。
B.美国
APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR
AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the1st day of September,2000between______ of_____(address)(hereinafter referred to as"the Company")as one part and Mr._______of_______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part.
WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:
1.THAT the Company shall…
2.This agreement shall commence on….
3.
4.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY
Name:
Designation:
For and on behalf of:(signature)
Contractor:
Designation:
For and on behalf of:(signature)
本合同分为四个大部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”，即designation(有的合同还惯用position).
C.香港
CONTRACT
CONTACT NO.
SIGNING DATE/PLACE
THE BUYER:Name
Legal Address
Contact
THE SELLER:Name
Legal Address
Contact
This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.
http://biz.doczj.com/doc/7c10405131.html, OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT
2.PRICE
3.PAYMENT
4.PACKING
5.
IN WITHNESS WHEREOF,this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.
THE BUYER THE SELLER
______________________
By:__________By:__________
Date:------------_________Date:------------_________
THE END USER
___________
By:__________
Date:--------____-_________
比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落款处SIGNED BY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。
D.日本
SERVICE AGREEMENT
This agreement is made and entered into on March1st,2001,by and between______ LTD(hereinafter referred to as"PARTY A"),and________CO.,LTD.((hereinafter referred to as"PARTY B")WITNESSTH:
WHEREAS,PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of_______to PARTY b;and
WHEREAS,(PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B's request)
NOW,THEREFORE,in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained,the parties hereto agree as follows:
1.
2.
3.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
______Ltd.________Co.,Ltd.
(signature)(signature)
MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR
该合同也由四大部分构成，与上述合同最大的不同在于，在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH（鉴于），最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY项目，但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。别外，当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。
相比之下，英文合同除个别地方外，整个合同的段落排列，句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时，只要仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。
四、用词特点(formal term)：
合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：
1．May,shall,must,may not(或shall not)的使用
May,shall,must,may not(或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。
may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），Shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not(或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。May do.，不能说成can do，shall do,不能说成should do或ought to do，may not do在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not)例如，在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说，
The parties hereto shall,first of all,settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall 调换位置会怎么样？前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好象一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。
本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。
2．正式用语（formal term）
合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同。
例如：
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of"，远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of”；
“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”；
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；
“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；
“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；
“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”；
“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；
“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided
by sb.其中“召开”不用“hold或call”，而用“convene”；“主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of”，而用“preside”；
“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“other matters/events”；
“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”;
“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”；
“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”，而不用“want to do”,“wish to do”。
3、英语合同专业述语（technical terms）
合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as,whereas,in witness whereof,for and on behalf of,hereby,thereof等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。
其它例子还有：
“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”
“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“trnasfer of real estate”
“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”
“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease(名词是cessation)a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”
专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”
还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”,
“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”
以实物出资为“investment in kind”
“依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”
“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。
4．同义词、近义词、相关词的序列
FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell,transfer,assign and set over to______all his right,tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______,19____by and between the undersigned and______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell,transfer,assign and set over，right和tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:句中“for and in consideration of”，“covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the
conditions contained herein.这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如：
“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”，一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。
并列的词还有：
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges,fees,costs and expenses
any and all
any duties,obligations or liabilities
the partners,their heirs,successors and assigns
control and management of the partnership
applicable laws,regulations,decrees,directives,and rules
5.拉丁词
在国外合同中，拉丁词仍然是很常见：
比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
委托代理人：多用agent ad litem
不可抗力：force majuere.
CONTRACT Sellers：Golden Sunshine agricultural science and Technology Development Co Ltd. Buyers: New Zealand Zespri International Limited Company. The undersigned Sellers and Buyers have agreed to close the following transaction according to the terms and conditions stipulated below： Commodity：Hongyang kiwi and Hayward Kiwifruit Specifications： Quantity:2500 tonnes Unit Price: Hongyang Kiwi, At US$ 3300/tonne, Hayward Kiwifruit, At US$2000/tonne Total Value:US$7860000 Packing: Small carton packaging, built with fruit nest trays Shipping Mark: At Sellers’ option Insurance: We will go through before shipment to the Chinese People’s Insurance Company insurance procedures ,all products by 10% plus insurance WPA and fresh rain insurance ,insurance costs borne by us. Time of shipment: Ray arrived Port Royal New Zealand time before January 15st ,2015 Port of shipment: Any Port of China
合同 编号：日期： 买受人： 出售人： 本合同由买卖双方订立，根据本合同规定的条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售下述商品： 1.货名，规格，数量 2.单价，总价 3.生产国和制造商 4.包装 用坚固的新木箱包装，适宜长途海运，并具备良好的防潮，防震，防锈，耐粗暴搬运能力，由于包装不当而引起的货物损坏或由于防护措施不善而引起货物锈蚀，卖方应赔偿由此而造成的全部损失费用。 5.唛头 卖方应在每件包装上，用不褪色油墨清楚地标刷件号、尺码、毛重、净重、“此端向上”、“小心轻放”、“切勿受潮” 等字样。 6．运日期 7.装运港 8.目的港
9.保险装运后由买方投保。 10.支付条件 ⑴信用证付款，买方在收到卖方根据合同第12条规定的提前装运的通知后，应于运输的15日到20日之前，按货物总金额的全部。通过_______（银行），设立以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证。卖方凭本合同第11条规定的装运单据及开出的即期汇票提交给开证银行贷款，信用证的有效期至货物运装后15天为止。 ⑵托收付款，卖方应把合第11条所规定的由_______(银行)开具的装运单据转交买方。 ⑶根据合同第11条货款应在收据收到的7天前生效。 11.单据 ⑴卖方应将下列单据提交付款银行托收付款，若以信汇付款，下列单据应寄买方： (a)填写通知目的口岸对外贸易运输公司的空白抬头、空白背 书的全套已装船的清洁提单，注明“运费到付”，并通知货口岸___________公司。 (b)发票五份，注明合同号，唛头。(唛头在一份以上，发票 需独立出具)。 (c)五份发票需注明货物重量，编号和发票相应的日期。 (d)按照本合同第16条第一项规定，提交由制造厂签发的质 量和数量/重量证明书及检验报告各两份。
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 浅析歇后语翻译中直译的可行性 2 浅析新闻英语中模糊语言的运用 3 浅析《双城记》中的牺牲精神 4 论《隐形人》中的象征主义 5 英语动画片中的中国元素探究 6 英语广告语中双关语的运用及翻译 7 An Analysis of Tragic Consciousness in A Farewell to Arms 8 中西广告语中隐喻比较研究 9 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 805 990 74 9 10 从《教父》看两代人不同的家庭观 11 从《呼啸山庄》人物爱情看人性的特点 12 中美婚姻时间选择的对比研究 13 从电视剧《绝望主妇》看委婉语的交际功能 14 商务英语函电的语言特征及翻译策略 15 以威廉?福克纳《喧哗与骚动》为个案研究如何一个人的性格决定了他的命运 16 《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译研究 17 英汉被动句语义特征对比分析 18 中英文化的差异对英汉互译的影响 19 现代信息技术与英语学科教学的有效整合 20 探析中国电影英译的几个误区 21 A Comparative Analysis of Wolf Images Between Wolf Totem and The Call of the Wild 22 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的叙事艺术 23 从成长小说的角度分析玛丽?盖茨基尔《依然美丽》的主题 24 《魔戒》中的生态元素 25 论弗吉尼亚伍尔夫《海浪》的人物刻画 26 礼貌原则在商务英语中的运用 27 An Analysis of Feminism in Little Women 28 Approaches to the Limits of Translatability for English Palindromes 29 哥特式特征在《黑猫》中的运用 30 31 32 爱默生的自然观－－生态批评视域下的《论自然》 33 Application of Cooperative Principles in the Study of Intercultural Business Negotiation 34 改写理论视角下看葛浩文《狼图腾》的英译 35 动之以情，晓之以理－－-浅析语法情景教学在中学英语课堂中的设计与运用 36 An Eco-Critical Approach to Moby Dick 37 《哈克贝利?芬恩历险记》中对自由的追寻 38 从《少年派的奇幻漂流记》论人性与兽性 39 雪莉?杰克逊《抽彩》中矛盾的体现 40 The Translation of Irony in Pride and Prejudice—A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions 41 An Analysis of Humor in Friend from the Point of View of the Violation of the Cooperative Principle
2018-2019-商务英语谈判实用语句之谈判与合同篇-范文模板 本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 商务英语谈判实用语句之谈判与合同篇 1、Before the formal contract is drawn up we'd like to restate the main points of the agreement. 在正式签约之前，我们要重申一下协议的重点。 2、As some points concerning the contract have not yet been settled negotiation has to be continued before the contract is signed. 由于合同某些问题尚未解决，所以在合同签署前仍需继续协商。 3、There are a few points which I'd like to ring up concerning the contract. 关于合同我想提出几点看法。 4、The seller should try to carry out the contract in time if not the buyer has the right to cancel the contact. 卖方应努力按规定履行合同，否则买方有权撤消合同。 5、No party who has signed the contract has the right to break if. 签署合同的任何一方都无权撕毁合同。 6、Once a contract is signed,it has legal effect. 合同一旦签署即具有法律效力。 7、We can get the contract finalized now. 现在我们可以签订合同了。 8、Have you any questions in regards to the contract? 关于合同你还有什么问题要问吗?
涉外商务英语合同的语言特色体现在以下几个方面： 第一部分、用词方面 多用正式或法律上的用词，与口头表述不同，合同是法律性的正式书面文件，使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如： 1、At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较help 正式； 2、The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq. 所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较take part in 正式； 3、The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较give 正式； 4、Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou. 甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较send back 正式； 5、This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China. 本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe 较explain，interpret 正式； 6、The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent. 雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式；公文体forthwith 较at once 正式； 7、The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors. 董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene，interim 都是正式用词。 8、In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right. 如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分，另一方有优先购买权。法律用词assign 较
商务英语合同写作经典句子 这是一篇由网络搜集整理的关于商务英语合同写作经典句子的文档，希望对你能有帮助。 1.本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成，一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份，两种文字具有同等效力。 The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text. 2、本合同由双方代表于1999年12月9日签订。合同签订后，由各方分别向本国政府当局申请批准，以最后一方的批准日期为本合同的生效日期，双方应力争在60天内获得批准，用电传通知对方，并用信件确认。若本合同自签字之日起，6个月仍不能生效，双方有权解除本合同。 This contract is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties on Dec. 9, 1999. After signing the contract, both parties shall apply to their respective Government Authorities for ratification. The date of ratification last obtained shall be taken as the effective date of the Contract. Both parties shall exert their utmost efforts to obtain the ratification within 60 days and shall advise the other party by telex and thereafter send a registered letter for confirmation. 3、本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起共10年，有效期满后，本合同自动失效。 The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the
合同 CONTRACT 日期：合同号码： Date: Contract No.: 买方：(The Buyers) 卖方：(The Sellers) 兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进，卖方售出以下商品： This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers; whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter: (1) 商品名称: Name of Commodity： (2) 数量： Quantity: (3) 单价： Unit price: (4) 总值： Total Value:
(5) 包装： Packing: (6) 生产国别： Country of Origin : (7) 支付条款： Terms of Payment: (8) 保险： Insurance: (9) 装运期限： Time of Shipment: (10) 起运港： Port of Lading: (11) 目的港： Port of Destination: (12)索赔：在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质，规格和数量与合同不符，除属保险公司或船方责任外，买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔换货或赔款。 Claims:
Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable. The Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellers. (13)不可抗力：由于人力不可抗力的原由，发生在制造、装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不能交货者，卖方可免除责任。在不可抗力发生后，卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件，在上述情况下，卖方仍须负责采取措施尽快发货。 Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after. The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance certificate of the accident. Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.
商务英语合同应注意六方面 2009-7-249:11 页面功能【字体：大中小】【打印】【关闭】 涉外商务英语合同的语言特色体现在以下几个方面： 第一部分、用词方面 多用正式或法律上的用词，与口头表述不同，合同是法律性的正式书面文件，使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如： 1、At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较help 正式； 2、The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq. 所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较take part in 正式； 3、The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较give 正式； 4、Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou. 甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较send back 正式； 5、This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China. 本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe 较explain，interpret 正式； 6、The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent. 雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式；公文体forthwith 较at once 正式； 7、The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors. 董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene，interim 都是正式用词。
商务英语合同写作技巧 这是一篇由网络搜集整理的关于商务英语合同写作技巧的文档，希望对你能有帮助。 在起草合同时，有几点需要注意： 1. Start with a simple, generic contract form. Like a house, a contract must have a good, solid foundation. 从简单、典型的合同入手。像房子一样，一个合同必须有一个牢固的根基。 2. State the correct legal names of the parties in the first paragraph. As obvious as this is, it is one of the most common problems in contracts. For individuals, include full first and last name, and middle initials if available, and other identifying information, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc. For corporations, check with the Secretary of State where incorporated. 在合同的第一段要写清楚双方的名称。这个问题很简单，但也需要重视。如果是个人，要写清姓和名,中间名可能的话应写上大写首字母，其他身份信息如果需要也应注明，例如：Jr.，M.D，等等；如果是公司，为避免弄错，写名称时可以到公司注册地的相应机构去核对一下。 3. Identify the parties by nicknames. Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make the contract easier to read. For example, James W. Martin would be nicknamed "Martin." 确定合同双方的别称（简称）。为便于阅读，一般要在合同的第一段为双方设定一个别称，如：将詹姆士·马丁简称为“马丁”。
国际贸易进出口英文合同范本 SALES CONTRACT(ORIGINAL) Contract No.Date:Signed at: Sellers: Address: Tel:Fax:E-mail: Buyers: Address: Tel:Fax:E-mail: 约首：This Sales Contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers whereby the Sellers agree to sell and t he Buyers agree to buy the under—montioned goods ac cording to the terms and conditions stipulated below: Name of the commodity, Specifications, Packing term Quantity Unit price Total Amount White Rice, Long-shaped Broken Grains (max.) 25%Admixture (max.) 0.25%Packed in gunny bags of50kilos each 1000M/T USD200per M/T CIF New York Two hundred thousand US Dollars only Shipment3%more or less at Seller’s option and the price shall be calculated according to the unit price 唛头：Shipping Mark
业务协议书 关于业务协议书四篇 随着社会一步步向前发展，很多场合都离不了协议书，签订签订协议书是最有效的法律依据之一。那么你真正懂得怎么写好协议书吗？下面是小编精心整理的业务协议书4篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。 业务协议书篇1 甲方：_________________（以下简称甲方） 乙方：_________________（以下简称乙方） 一、总则 甲乙双方本着平等自愿的原则，就甲方为乙方提供彩铃服务相关事宜特签定本协议，供双方信守。 二、定义 1.“彩铃（个性化回铃音）业务”是一项由被叫客户定制，为主叫客户提供一段音乐歌曲、其它特别的声音或其他录音来替代普通回铃音的业务。当客户申请开通彩铃业务之后，可以自行设定个性化回铃音，在其做被叫时，为主叫客户播放定制的个人铃音，来代替普通的回铃音。 2.彩铃有效期：每首彩铃的有效期为内容提供商自相关版权人处
所获得的该个人铃音作品的有效许可使用期限。在当前试用阶段，我们不对铃音的有效期做承诺。 3.帐期：每月1日0时至当月末最后一日24时。 三、业务开通范围 甲方本地_________网络移动电话用户。 四、试用期和试用规模 当前为试用期，试用期甲方免收乙方相关信息费，试用用户总规模为_________户，每天开户限制为__________户，暂定试用期截止到_________年_________月_________日24时。请及时关注本网站的公布信息。 五、资费 1.月租费：乙方申请开通彩铃业务后，甲方按月收取乙方彩铃业务月功能费（待定_________元／月），使用不足一个月的按整月收取该月月租费。 2.信息费：乙方下载个人铃音时按次交纳信息费，每条个人铃音信息费由内容提供商定价，由甲方受托代其向乙方收龋 3.乙方拨打特服号码（_________），甲方按各品牌现行网内通话费标准收取通话费。 4.乙方应于甲方规定的每月交费期内向甲方交纳上述通信费，试用期间免收月租费和铃音下载等信息费。试用期结束开始正式商用时，将收取相关信息费。 六、双方权利义务
语域理论指导下的英文商务合同的汉译 摘?要】本文用韩礼德的语域理论对商务合同的语篇进 行分析,试图帮助译者在掌握合同英语文体特点基础上, 译出准确、符合经贸合同惯式的地道译文。 、引言 随着世界经济全球化，我国加强了与世界各国双边贸易, 商务合同的使用也日益频繁，因此，正确地对其进行翻译就显得尤为重要。合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议（《中华人民共和国合同法》第二条）。商务英语合同属于法律性公文，因此在翻译时除了要注意它商务英语方面的特点，也要考虑到其法律英语的特点，意条理清晰、措辞严谨、行文规范。本文试从系统功能语言学的角度,运用其语域理论来探讨商务合同英语的语篇特点及其汉 译。 二、语域理论简介 语域理论是由韩礼德提出的，属于系统功能语言学中的一个重要组成部分。按照语域理论, 决定语言特征的三大情景因素是语场、语式、语旨。语篇的语义功能与这三个因素有着某种对应关系:语场决定着概念功能的意义范围, 语式决定着语篇功能的意义范围, 语旨决定着人际功能的意义范围。语场、语式、语旨都是情景语境的特征，因此，将这一理论引入商务合同的翻译中可以帮助我们在翻译中成功地实现意义转换。 三、商务合同的语场、语式和语旨 商务合同是一个完整的语篇，它由一组与一定语境和上下文有联系的、在内容和结构上密切相关的, 表达相对独立完整意义的句子构成。当然，对商务合同语篇的分析离不开对其语域的分析。商务合同的语场即自然人或法人为了明确双方的权利和义务而签署的合同内容。合同所涉及的商务活动即话题, 商务活动涉及国际金融、国际运输、对外贸易、招商引资、技术引进等诸多领域。商务合同的语式即书面的
商务英语写作 商务合同写作表原因观点的七个句型 1.There are some good reasons for… 分析原因：two possible人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。 There are two reasons for the improvement in people’s living conditions.In the first place， we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy.Secondly， there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Further-more， the birth rate has been put under control. 2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. In the first place，… Secondly，…Finally… 提出建议：我对解决这个问题的建议如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。 My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with， it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly， certain rare wild animals that are going to be
商务英语写作：合同与协议的区别 在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement. 何谓“contract”？ 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons，legal persons or other organizations“。根据这个定义，合同平 等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义 为“contract is a promise， or a set of promises， for breach of which the law gives remedy， or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这个定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺能够得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履 行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给 contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这个定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也能够说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. 何谓“Agreement”？
编号：_____________ AGENCY AGREEMENT First Party：_____________________ Second Party：_____________________ 签订日期：_______年______月______日
This AGENCY AGREEMENT dated------date of------20XX，made between: XX a Private company based in China represented by…………… (Herein after called the Company) 本代理协议日期------月------ 20XX年由： XX一家在中国的私人公司，任命... ... ... ... ... 为代表（以下简称公司）电话： M/S IMPEX DISTRIBUTORS PO BOX: Douala Cameroon Tel: (hereinafter called the Agent). Represented by . 下面简称代理商 In Consideration of mutual covenants & Promises contained herein， the parties agree as follows: 在共同约定与承诺的基础上，双方同意如下：Article 1: APPOINTMENT: The Company hereby appoints the Agent hereby accept the right to act as sales Agent to solicit order subject to the terms and conditions set for company. The Purpose of this appointment is to develop & maintain substantial volume of business for company. Agent agrees it is an independent contractor and it does not have or shall it hold itself out as having any right， power or Authority to enter into any contract or obligation either expressed or implied in the name of or on behalf of company or to pledge their credit or to extend credit in company name. 第1条：任命：本公司兹任命代理商以下权利：担当销售代理，在公司条款及规定的条件下寻求订单。这一任命的目的是发展和维持公司的实际销售额。代
商务英语-商务英语合同(一) 商务英语合同注意六部曲(一) 驰骋于商务职场的你是否经常面对商务合同呢？那么你一定懂得很多关于商务 合同的知识吧。今天小编要与你分享关于商务英语合同注意的一些事项哦~ 第一部分、用词方面 多用正式或法律上的用词，与口头表述不同，合同是法律性的正式书面文件， 使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如：1、At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较 help 正式； 2、The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq. 所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式； 3、The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较 give 正式； 4、Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou. 甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较 send back 正式； 5、This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China. 本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain， interpret 正式；
英文合同注意事项： 1、本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成，一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份，两种文字具有同等效力。 The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text. 2、本合同由双方代表于1999年12月9日签订。合同签订后，由各方分别向本国政府当局申请批准，以最后一方的批准日期为本合同的生效日期，双方应力争在60天内获得批准，用电传通知对方，并用信件确认。若本合同自签字之日起，6个月仍不能生效，双方有权解除本合同。 This contract is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties on Dec. 9, 1999. After signing the contract, both parties shall apply to their respective Government Authorities for ratification. The date of ratification last obtained shall be taken as the effective date of the Contract. Both parties shall exert their utmost efforts to obtain the ratification within 60 days and shall advise the other party by telex and thereafter send a registered letter for confirmation. 3、本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起共10年，有效期满后，本合同自动失效。 The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract, on the expiry of the validity term of contract, the contract shall automatically become null and void. 4、本合同期限届满时，双方发生的未了债权和债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续偿付未了债务。 The outstanding （未了的）claims and liabilities（债权和债务）existing between both parties on the expiry of the validity of the contract shall not be influenced by the expiration of this contract. The debtor shall be kept liable until the debtor fully pays up his debts to the creditor. 附上商务英语常用词汇 Agreement and contract（协议与合同） agency agreement 代理协议 agreement on general terms and conditions on business 一般经营交易条件的协议 agreement on loan facilities up to a given amount商定借款协议 agreement fixing price共同定价协议 agreement on import licensing procedure 进口许可证手续协议 agreement on reinsurance 分保协议 agreement to resell 转售协议 bilateral agreement 双边协议 bilateral trade agreement 双边贸易协议 commercial agreement 商业协定 compensation trade agreement 补偿贸易协议 distributorship agreement 销售协议 exclusive distributorship agreement 独家销售协议 guarantee agreement 担保协议 international trade agreement 国际贸易协议 joint venture agreement 合营协议 licensing agreement 许可证协议 loan agreement 贷款协议 management agreement 经营管理协议