欧洲文化入门考前总结来源：考试吧（）2009年10月9日【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场视频课程-l 希腊罗马Homer Author of epicsSappho Lyric poetAeschylusTragic dramatistSophocles Tragic dramatistEuripides Tragic dramatistArostophoes Comedy writerHerodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the historyThucydides Athens and Sparta, Syracuse historianPythagoras All things were numbersHeracleitue Fire is the primary elementDemocritus Materialist , atomicSocrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical methodPlato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideasAristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realitiesEuclid geometristOthers Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus philosophyCicero Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writerCaesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writerLucretius On the nature of things poetVirgil ---Aeneas---tragic hero4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。
l 基督教和圣经²Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews 定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
²Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教为国教。
²Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagintl 中世纪²开始于476西罗马帝国得衰败²5-11世纪²在文化上继承了Roman culture，出现了Hebrew and Gothic culture²feudalism主要是一种system of land holding，for exchanging military service,它还是一种local and decentralized government²1045,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church²反击Moslems，开始了Crusades²Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732²St. Thomas Aquinas写了The Summa Theologica总结了中世纪神学的所有知识并形成了系统，他认为feudal hierarchy of society is God’s ruleThe power of feudal rulers is God’s willPope is Crist’s Plenipotentiary²中世纪封建社会的人主要分为三个等级：clergy, lords, peasants²Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular.l 文艺复兴与宗教改革Boccaccio DecameronCervantes Don Quixote(crowned literature of Spain)Petrarch Sonnet,father of modern poetryDa VinciArtist in ItalyMichelangelo Artist in ItalyRaphael Known for his Madonna Artist in ItalyTitian Oil color Artist in ItalyRonsard FranceRabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel FranceMontaigne The Essais FranceThomas More UtopiaShakespeare crowned literature of EnglandCopernicus The father of modern astronomyVesalius The founder of modern medicine AnatomyAldus Manutius The foremost printer in ItalyMachiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriographyDanteV osariothers Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,Spencer, Bacon artists²Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它主张用the Bible的绝对权威取代the Roman Catholic Church的绝对权威，这促进了资本主义的发展。
²1492, Columbus发现了America²1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope²1497,da Gama发现了绕过好望角去印度的航线²英国在Elizabeth I的统治下达到鼎盛时期²宗教改革以后，基督教分裂为：the Protestant and the Roman Catholic²Humanism是文艺复兴时代的灵魂思想l 17世纪Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculausMilton Areopagitica，English revolutionBacon Knowledge is power EnglandDescartes I think therefore I am FranceCorneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatistsRacineMoliereLocke²很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum²Bacon认为哲学应该与神学分开²Leibniz区别了人的三种理解程度，自我意识，意识，潜意识（无意识）²Bacon反对deductive method，创立了inductive method²Hobbes认为最好的统治方式是monarchy²1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利²英国大革命中，Cromwell带领行动Milton提供思想²法国最着名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden FrontEast Front of the Louvre英国最着名建筑：St. Paul’s Cathedral²17th：physics, mathematics²18th：chemistry²19th：biology²20th：psychology²French classicism²Baroque art²Newton²Galileol 启蒙运动Diderot FranceMontesquieu Separation of powersV oltaireHobbes Social contractLocke Social contractRousseauDefoeHenry FieldingSamuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novalLessing German dramastistGerman classicimGoetheschillerKant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis Pope poetDr.Johnson lexicographerJ.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment HandelHaydn Classical period Viennese schoolMozartBeethoven Romantic Movement²18世纪两大着名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）The Declaration of IndependenceThe French Revolution（1789）Declaration of the Rights of Man²Rococo艺术的典型建筑代表：Hotel de Soubise²Addison, Steele在期刊The Tatler , The Spectator上发表论文²The Enlightenment²Rococo artl 现实主义FranceBalzzacStendhala novel is a mirror walking along the roadFlaubert first French realist Objectivity, detachmentZora Naturalism, scientific heredityMaupssantChickikov A character in Shame, and hypocrisyPeter the Great Russian reforms. End the middle age DostoyevskyIbsen For women hypocrisy and seemy politicsStrindberg Autobiograpgical Existence and self-realization EnglishGeorge Eliot Scientific, reason,objectivityCharles DickensThackeray Becky SharpThomas Hardy Wessex uperior, pitiless, indifferenceBerbard Shaw Fabian society major Barbara> Nobel Prize in 1925 RussiaGogolTurgenev First gain recognition in the westDostoevskyTolstoyOther countriesWalt WhitmanHenry James The master beyond all masters, psychological subtletyMark TwainFather of American literatureGustave Courbet Neo-Baroque Brutality and vulgarityMillet Outside the circle of politics painterManet The luncheon on the grass Challenge to Greco-RomanMonet Impression:sunriseVan Gogh Against impressionismGauguin Use color in unexpected combinationsAuguste Rodin Art for art’s sake sculptureAntonin Dvorak The symphony in E Minor Patterns found in folk musicClaude Debussy The founder of modern musical impression²反对falseness, sentimentality²Mark Twain称1870-1890年的美国为the gilded age，内战之后，New England的重要性让位于New York²Realisml 现代主义和其它T.S.EliotConrad Human motives , moral valuesVirginia Woolf Bloomsbury, stream of consciousnessJames Joyce Symbolism, naturalistic,interior monologueW.B.Yeats imagist movement, SymbolismWilliam FaulknerConflictsbrotherhoodGorky TrilogyJohn OsbornRobbe-Grillet Nouveau RomanSamuel Beckett Absurd DramaTomas MannPsychological effect of isolationAndre Gide1947,Nobel PrizeAlbert Camusmeaning of life, values 1957,Nobel PrizeM.A.Sholokhov1965,Nobel PrizeMarcel Proust Remembrance of things pastKingsley Amis The angry young menAllen Ginsberg The beat generationIack Kerouac The beat generationJean-Paul Sartre ExistenlialismEmil Nolde Expressionism In GermanyJoseph Heller Black humorFauves Boldest color,Picasso cubismUmverto Boccioni futurismMarcel DuchampDada movementJackson Pollock Abstract expressionism Drip techniqueHenry Moore Three-dimensional sculpter²现代主义复杂丰富，它包含symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism ²我们这个时代四个最伟大的音乐家:Schoenberg(serialism) Stravinsky(neoclassicism), Bartok, Vaughan Williams。