Unit 1 语法重点一、动词不定式不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。
（1）做主语①动词不定式短语To master a foreign language is no easy job.To see this film is to waste time.To solve this problem is out of the question②为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。
例如：1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。
例如：It is foolish to do in this way. It sounds reasonable to do it this way.2）某些动词做谓语时。
例如：It took much time to do this. It makes us excited to think about that.(2) 做表语表示打算、计划、命令和要求，用于appear, seem, happen等系动词后面Such questions are to be avoided. What he said proved to be true.He seems to be ill.(3) 做定语做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。
例如：He was the first one to come this morning.He didn’t have the chance to go to school in the past.如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。
例如：He has nothing to worry about.She is a very nice person to work with.(4) 作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。
①表目的常用in order to, so as to,等结构但so as to只能放在主句之后。
Check your homework so as to avoid mistakes.She goes home (in order) to see her grandmother every week.②表结果常用only to do, enough to do, too…to do等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有“意料之外”之意。
He is too excited to speak anything.I hurried to his house, only to find him out.③原因She seemed surprised to see us.He is sorry for what he did to think of his past.-不定式作方式状语时，通常采用as if 或 as though + to 的结构，其意为“好像要……”。
He raised his hand as if to hit me.She took out a pen and a piece of paper as though to write something.(5) 做宾语①某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语, 以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语：agree, ask, attempt, choose, continue, decide, desire, determine, expect, forget,hope,,intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, prefer,,promise, refuse, try，want, wish等。
例如：②动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe, consider, feel, guess, imagine, know, make, prove, realize, see, show, suppose, think, understand, find等。
例如：I felt it useless for us to say anything further.I made it a rule to get up early, take a cold bath, and then do some running.(6) 做宾语补足语①带to的不定式做宾补有相当数量的及物动词或短语可以接带to的不定式做宾补。
例如：I shall try to persuade her to see the doctor. The villagers didn’t allow them to do this.I will ask them to leave the company. I shall persuade him to take the medicine.②不带to的不定式做宾补也有一些及物动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，常见的有使役动词类：make, let, have；感官动词类：see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel等。
但在被动结构中要带to (let除外)。
例如：Someone saw him enter my room. He was seen to enter my room.The boy made the baby laugh. The baby was made to laugh(7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。
常见引导该形式的动词有：decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, 在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。
例如：What to do next has not been decided. = What will do next has not been decided.What worries me most is how to do it. = What worries me most is how we will do it.I don’t know when to leave. = I don’t know when we will leave.(10) 动词不定式的复合结构①不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型: “It is + adj. for / of sb. to do sth.”和“It is + n. of sb. to do sth”。
例：It is easy for us to understand the sentence.It is clever of you to do that.二、动名词动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。
1.动名词的用法(1) 做主语①动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义.例如：Saying is easier than doing. Collecting stamps is a good hobby.②为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。
例如：1) 谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。
例如：It’s interesting planning a holiday. It’s rather tiring walking around in a city.2) 当use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。
例如：It’s no use talking to him again. = There is no use talking to him again.It’s no good refusing to do it. = There is no good refusing to do it.(2) 作宾语某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表：①放在介词on; upon，after等后面时，例如：On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.After standing in the queue for hours, we got good seats.③有些后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别不大。
常见的动词有：s tart, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, attempt, intend, propose等。
He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five.④有些动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别大。
见下表：(3) 作表语相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。
例如：My job is teaching English.Her job is taking care of the children.Our duty is serving the people. = Our duty is to serve the people.(4) 作定语说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。
a living room = a room for living a swimming pool = a pool for swimminga waling stick = a stick for walking(5) 动名词的复合结构动名词之前的名词，如果是有生命的，通常用所属格表示，如果是无生命的，则用通格表示，现在有一种趋势用名词和代词代替所有格。
His coming won’t help much.I don’t mind your (you) smoking.They insisted on our staying there. We are happy about his coming to see us.Do you remember Mary coming to see you? He insisted on being sent to the hard area.(6) 动名词的主动形式表示被动意义① be worth 后接动名词时。